腐殖酸活性组分及其比例对紫色潮土中铅形态转化和有效性演变动态的影响

腐殖酸(HAs)是制约土壤铅赋存形态与活性的重要因素.本研究通过室内模拟实验,结合化学连续提取形态分级方法,探讨HAs活性组分(胡敏酸,HA;富里酸,FA)添加量及其比例(HA/FA比)对紫色潮土中铅赋存形态、有效性变化动态的影响.结果表明:(1)外源铅进入土壤经60d转化平衡后,土壤中交换态、残渣态铅降低,铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态铅增加,碳酸盐结合态铅变化不明显.(2)紫色潮土以交换态铅和碳酸盐结合态铅对有效铅贡献最大,HA通过降低碳酸盐结合态而对土壤铅产生钝化作用,FA则通过增加交换态和碳酸盐结合态而活化土壤铅;随着HAs用量的增加,钝化或活化作用越强.当HAs用量为3%C时,添加HA的土壤碳酸盐结合态铅较对照降低13.4个百分点,有效铅相应降低14.19%;添加FA的土壤交换态铅较对照增加13.59个百分点,碳酸盐结合态铅增加2.15个百分点,有效铅较对照相应增加4.09倍.FA(1%C)是土壤铅活化的突变点,当FA1%C时,土壤铅活化百分率增加了14%,土壤铅活性和生物有效性显著增大.(3)等量HAs(1%C)条件下,当HA/FA比≥7/3时,促进土壤铅向低活性的有机结合态和残渣态转化,HAs对土壤铅表现为钝化作用,而当HA/FA比≤5/5时,则表现为活化作用.     

秸秆还田少免耕对冲积土微生物多样性及微生物碳氮的影响

土壤微生物是耕地质量的重要指标,为阐明秸秆还田少免耕对土壤质量的影响及其机理,在成都平原(温江)冲积水稻土区,开展了水稻–小麦/油菜轮作秸秆还田培肥定位试验(2003～2008年),在小麦生长季节,系统研究了土壤耕层微生物数量和微生物生物量的变化特征.结果表明,秸秆还田翻耕与秸秆还田免耕的土壤耕层微生物总量分别增加了51.7%、12.8%,土壤微生物数量增加主要来自土壤细菌数量的增加;从小麦全生育期看,在小麦分蘖期的增加幅度高于小麦播种期和小麦收获后,有利于促进小麦养分吸收与生长发育.秸秆还田少免耕显著增加了微生物生物量,秸秆还田翻耕和秸秆还田免耕处理土壤微生物碳总量分别比对照提高74.1%、25.8%,土壤微生物氮分别提高60.2%和12.1%.秸秆还田循环利用显著增加了土壤微生物数量和生物量,有利于土壤养分循环与转化,有利于提高土壤有机质含量并改善有机质质量,是耕地质量建设的重要途径.     

湔江冲洪积扇地下水化学特征及控制因素分析

湔江冲洪积扇是成都平原龙门山前冲洪积扇群之一,为研究其地下水化学特征及控制因素,2018年5月现场采集30组地下水水样.利用描述性统计分析、Piper图解、Arc GIS空间分析和离子比例系数等方法,分析研究区地下水化学类型与离子空间分布特征,讨论控制地下水化学演化过程的主要因素与离子的主要来源.冲洪积扇东北部区域多为弱酸性水,占13. 33%,其余呈弱碱性;地下水化学类型有HCO_3·SO_4-Ca、HCO_3-Ca、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg与HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Na,均为淡水;主要离子空间变异系数介于0. 22～0. 91,变异性均为中等变异;地下水化学演化过程主要受溶滤作用的控制,人类活动亦有一定的影响,蒸发浓缩、大气降雨以及阳离子交替吸附作用影响效果不甚明显.     

Cd对欧美杂交杨生长紫色土和冲积土微生物多样性的影响

研究了现实环境中cd污染水平对长江流域典型土壤微生物多样性的影响,分析了现实Cd浓度胁迫对盆栽欧美杂交杨（Populus deltoides×Populus nigra）生长的紫色土和冲积土中可培养的微生物数量、生物量和细菌群落多样性的影响．结果表明,cd处理显著增加了栽植杨树的紫色土中可培养细菌和放线菌数量,降低了可...     

Decadal and Episodic Changes in Morphology and Migration of the Confluence Bar of Two Alluvial Rivers in Louisiana,USA

Past research on fluvial dynamics at the confluence of two alluvial rivers has mainly focused on downstream flow structure and bed scoring, often using laboratory experiments and numerical modeling. Little is investigated about yearly and episodic dynamics of confluence mouth bars that can affect downstream morphology using field measurements. In this study, we analyzed the migration of a confluence mouth bar of two free meandering alluvial rivers, the Amite and Comite Rivers in coastal Louisiana, USA from 2002 to 2017. Remote sensing images were utilized to investigate the decade‐long morphologic changes. To assess episodic dynamics, we employed terrestrial laser scanning measurements to acquire high‐accuracy digital elevation models at the confluence before and after three floods in 2017. Our study found that the Amite‐Comite confluence mouth bar migrated downstream 55 m in the past 15 years, and its angle reduced by 55° from 100° to 45°. The fast migration was a result of sediment deposition and channel deformation around the confluence mainly during the years when the tributary‐to‐main channel discharge was lower (<0.25). The study further reveals that a single moderate flood could strongly affect the mouth bar, as shown by an increase of the projected surface area by 114% and an increase of volume of the confluence mouth bar by 68%.     

关于砂金矿露天开采项目环境影响评价的思考

砂金露天矿开采是一种比较特殊的采矿方式,主要是水力淘洗的物理过程,而主要设备是采金船.由于采金船的挖掘作业使大面积的地表生态环境受到严重破坏,造成河流改道,砂砾、岩石垒积,地表土壤、植被几乎全部毁坏,失去植被生长的天然基础,使作业区成为不毛之地.采金船在挖掘作业的同时,内部也在同步进行着水力淘洗砂金的过程,用水量与排水量巨大,特别是排放的高浓度悬浮物废水,恶化了河流水质,如果不采取有效措施降低排入河流中的含高浓度悬浮物的采金废水,则对河流水环境质量与水生生态也将是毁灭性的影响.因此,砂金矿采选项目环境影响评价的重点是对生态环境和水环境的影响.本文根据此类项目的特点,简要分析了此类项目生态环境和水环境影响评价的技术要点及应该注意的问题,并提出生态环境保护与水环境保护措施,为环境影响评价工作提供技术依据.     

Most Influential Parameters for the Bed-Load Sediment Flux Equations Used in Alluvial Rivers1

Khorram, Saeed and Mustafa Ergil, 2010. Most Influential Parameters for the Bed-Load Sediment Flux Equations Used in Alluvial Rivers. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA): 46(6):1065–1090. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00468.x Abstract: Problems of bed-load sediment transport equations in alluvial rivers are addressed in this study where user-friendly parameters were developed. To determine the influences of 300 parameters on the final result, 52 selected bed-load equations for noncohesive particles (sand and gravel separately) were gathered and individually investigated. The influences of discrepancies among the computed and measured datasets were obtained by sensitivity analysis through multilinear regression method. The most influential parameters for the bed-load sediment flux equations used to describe sand particles in alluvial rivers are: the gravitational power due to Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, the universal stream power due to critical Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, the Shields’ parameter ratio, the critical unit stream power, and the Shields’ parameter with energy slope. For gravel particles, the most influential parameters are: the universal stream power due to critical Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, the Shields’ parameter ratio, the gravitational power due to Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, the Shields’ parameter with an energy slope, and the Froude number of the channel. It is expected that researchers working in this field will be able to use these predicted parameters to generate new bed-load sediment flux equations that give results that more closely agree with the actual values measured in alluvial rivers.     

长江安徽段江心洲土壤重金属的分布特征及来源分析

在长江安徽段15个面积较大的江心洲采集表层(0~20 cm)和深层(150~180 cm)土壤样品,研究其重金属元素含量的分布特征和来源.表层土壤中Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu和Zn等元素平均含量分别是深层的2.33、1.67、1.35、1.48和1.43倍.以长江沉积物背景值作为基线值进行的地累积指数评价结果表明,土壤重金属富集程度依次为CdHgCuZnAsPb.不同江心洲之间以及同一江心洲内部土壤重金属含量的差异,主要与江心洲的成因及其发育演变过程有关,近期淤长的部分,土壤重金属元素含量通常比较高.因子分析结果表明,研究区土壤重金属的富集主要与细颗粒物质的粒径效应、含钙矿物对Cd等元素的固定,以及受燃煤影响的大气沉降输入有关.利用因子得分-多元回归法量化了不同来源重金属的贡献,土壤粒度端元对研究区土壤Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cd的贡献率均超过70%.     

INFILTRATION OF ATRAZINE AND METABOLITES FROM A STREAM TO AN ALLUVIAL AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: The infiltration of atrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine from Walnut Creek, a tributary stream, to the alluvial valley aquifer along the South Skunk River in central Iowa occurred where the stream transects the river's flood plain. A preliminary estimate indicated that the infiltration was significant and warrants further investigation. Infiltration was estimated by measuring the loss of stream discharge in Walnut Creek and the concentrations of atrazine and its metabolites deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine, in ground water 1 m beneath the streambed. Infiltration was estimated before application of agrichemicals to the fields during a dry period on April 7, 1994, and after application of agrichemicals during a period of small runoff on June 8, 1994. On April 7, the flux of atrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine from Walnut Creek into the alluvial valley aquifer ranged from less than 10 to 60 (μg/d)/m², whereas on June 8 an increased flux ranged from 270 to 3060 (μg/d)/m². By way of comparison, the calculated fluxes of atrazine beneath Walnut Creek, for these two dates, were two to five orders of magnitude greater than an estimated flux of atrazine to ground water caused by leaching from a field on a per-unit-area basis. Furthermore, the unit-area flux rates of water from Walnut Creek to the alluvial valley aquifer were about three orders of magnitude greater than estimated recharge to the alluvial aquifer from precipitation. The large flux of chemicals from Walnut Creek to the alluvial valley aquifer was due in part to the conductive streambed and rather fast ground water velocities; average vertical hydraulic conductivity through the streambed was calculated as 35 and 90 m/d for the two sampling dates, and estimated ground water velocities ranged from 1 to 5 m/d.     

HERBICIDE AND NITRATE VARIATION IN ALLUVIUM UNDERLYING A CORN FIELD AT A SITE IN IOWA COUNTY,IOWA1

ABSTRACT: A hydrologic investigation to determine vertical and seasonal variation of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and nitrate at one location and to relate the variation to ground-water movement in the Iowa River alluvium was conducted in Iowa County, Iowa, from March 1986 to December 1987. Water samples were collected at discrete intervals through the alluvial sequence from the soil zone to the base of the aquifer. Alachlor, atrazine, and cyanazine were detected most frequently in the soil zone but also were present in the upper part of the alluvial aquifer. Alachlor was detected sporadically, whereas, atrazine, cyanazine, and nitrate were present throughout the year. In the alluvial aquifer, the herbicides generally were not detected during 1986 and were present in detectable concentrations for only a short period of time in the upper 1.6 meters of the aquifer during 1987. Nitrate was present throughout the alluvium and was stratified in the alluvial aquifer. The largest nitrate concentrations were detected in the middle part of the aquifer. Nitrate concentrations were variable only in the upper 2 meters of the aquifer. Vertical movement of herbicides and nitrate in the soil correlated with precipitation and degree of saturation. A clay layer retarded vertical movement of atrazine but not nitrate from the soil layer to the aquifer. Vertical movement could not account for the chemical variation in the alluvial aquifer.