硫氧同位素解析典型岩溶地下河流域硫酸盐季节变化特征和来源

全球约1/4的饮用水源为岩溶水,但岩溶含水层极易遭受人类活动污染.以八步地下河为例,利用硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）浓度、硫氧同位素（δ³⁴S-SO₄和δ¹⁸O-SO₄）和水中氧同位素（δ¹⁸O-H₂O）研究岩溶小流域SO₄^2-的丰、枯水期两个季节变化特征和来源.结果表明：①受酸性矿坑水（acid mine drainage,AMD）直接影响的采样点SO₄^2-浓度较高（≥250 mg·L^-1）,枯水期>丰水期,其他采样点浓度季节变化相对较弱且浓度低.②地表水丰水期δ³⁴S-SO₄与δ¹⁸O-SO₄平均值分别为-10.5‰和4.7‰,枯水期为-11.5‰和1.3‰;地下水丰水期δ³⁴S-SO₄与δ¹⁸O-SO₄平均值分别为-2.9‰和7.1‰,枯水期为-3.2‰和6.2‰.地表水和地下水中δ³⁴S-SO₄与δ¹⁸O-SO₄值都存在丰水期偏重、枯水期偏轻的特征.③丰、枯水期流域内地表水和地下水中各采样点δ³⁴S-SO₄值变化不明显,表明在特定的采样点SO₄^2-的来源相对稳定.④地表水和地下水中SO₄^2-主要来源于雨水、硫化物和石膏,地下河出口各来源丰水期所占的比例分别为13%、40%和47%,枯水期为18%、39%和43%.     

生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险分级方法研究

在综合分析国内外不同行业、不同领域风险分级方法的基础上,初步建立了一种生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险分级方法。该方法利用由美国环保局（USEPA）开发的多介质、多路径、多受体风险评价模型（3MRA）中用于描述污染物在地下水迁移的EPACMTP模型和风险评估模型计算生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险指数I,利用地下水含水层脆弱性模型（DRASTIC模型）计算地下水含水层脆弱性指数DRASTIC。并以I和DRASTIC为风险分级指标,以MATLAB聚类分析为方法,对生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险进行分级。以北京市22个生活垃圾填埋场为例,利用建立的风险分级方法,可将这22个填埋场地下水污染风险从高到低分为4级,并且大部分填埋场属于风险级别较低的3、4级。表明该风险分级方法可行、有效,在一定程度上可以为生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染的风险管理提供依据。     

Monitoring of Heavy Metal Pollution of Groundwater in a Phreatic Aquifer in Mersin-Turkey

In this study, heavy metal contents of groundwater from the Mersin aquifer were determined with photometric methods and used to determine the main factors controlling the pollution of groundwater in the area. Using MapInfo GIS software, spatial analysis and integration were carried out for mapping drinking water quality in the basin. From the photometric heavy metal analysis, it is inferred that the excess concentration of Fe, Ni, Mn, Mo and Cu at some locations is the cause of undesirable quality for drinking purposes. Similarly, the EC thematic map shows that considerable areas in the basin are having high salinity hazards. The reason for excess concentration of various heavy metals is the industrial activities and petroleum pipelines and salinity levels show the sea water intrusion.     

INTERSTATE AND INTERNATIONAL AQUIFERS1

Many important groundwater aquifers cross state and national boundaries. The flow of water in these aquifers is not influenced by the boundaries but may be materially influenced by mans activities on one or both sides of a boundary. Interstate and international problems may develop because of excessive groundwater lowering on one side of a boundary affecting water users on the opposite side of the line. Similarly, intensive groundwater development along a surface stream may influence the amount of surface water that flows across a boundary. A third type of problem may develop when pumping on one side of the boundary induces poor quality water into an aquifer on the other side of the boundary. Several specific interstate and international aquifer problems are briefly described.     

土壤含水层处理出水的回用健康风险评价

通过土壤柱实验,研究了土壤含水层处理工艺对污水处理厂二级处理出水的处理效果。初步讨论了土壤含水层处理工艺对各种污染物的去除机理,并评价了不同回用途径再生水对人体的健康风险。研究结果表明:土壤含水层处理工艺能够有效去除二级处理出水中的有机物和重金属离子,对大肠菌和粪大肠菌的去除率大于99.9%。健康风险评价结果显示:再生水的健康风险主要来自致癌物质,终生致癌风险在10-6数量级,而非致癌物质的健康危害风险在10-9数量级。     

安徽淮北平原地下水动态变化研究

论文对安徽淮北地区69个地下水位站的1980-2006年平均地下水埋深资料进行分析,得出淮北地区多年平均地下水埋深2.33m,1980-1990年各地下水年均埋深较浅、变幅较小,1990年以后地下水埋深变幅加大,且埋深有明显的加深趋势。研究认为淮北平原地下水动态虽然受降水量、蒸发量和人类活动等多种因素影响,但近些年来地下水的动态变化主要是人类活动影响的结果。这些人类活动包括地下水资源开发利用、土地利用、水利工程、农业节水灌溉措施等。其中过度开发利用地下水是导致安徽淮北平原地下水埋深下降,地下水资源减少的主要原因。适度开发利用地下水有利于淮北地区地下水的循环更新,但过度的开发利用,已造成平原北部开始出现严重的环境地质问题,应限制开采。     

IMPACT OF IRRIGATION WELLS ON BASEFLOW OF THE BIG BLUE RWER,NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT: The Kansas-Nebraska Big Blue River compact requires that the state of Nebraska insure a minimum flow of the Big Blue River across the state line. There are two options that the state of Nebraska may use to ensure minimum flows. The obvious option is to limit surface-water irrigators along the river. However, under the terms of the compact, a second option may be to regulate irrigation wells that are within one mile of the river and were installed after November 1, 1968. The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of 17 irrigation wells that may be regulated on baseflow of the Big Blue River. A finite-element model is used to study the hydrogeologic system between DeWitt and Beatrice, Nebraska. The 17 wells that may be regulated are located between these towns and are developed in sediments deposited in a cross-cutting paleovalley anchor alluvium associated with the Big Blue River. While there wore considerable existing data, additional data were gathered by drilling an additional nine test holes, conducting several aquifer tests, stream-stage measurements, and baseflow calculation through extensive stream-discharge measurements, establishment of a ground water-level monitoring network, determining the amount of water pumped for irrigation and municipal use in the area, and a short-term precipitation network. The model was calibrated using observed baseflow and ground water level data. The model clearly shows that regulating the 17 wells to maintain baseflow would have a minimal effect on the overall water budget. This is reasonable, especially considering that there are over 250 irrigation wells in the project area. The 17 wells considered pumped only 6 percent of the total pumpage within the modeled area during the irrigation season of 1984. The computer model provides the documentation needed to demonstrate this fact. Although much of the resources spent and a significant amount of hydrogeologic data are being collected over a period of three years on a relatively small area, the simulation model could be improved through further field testing of the aquifer and stream-bed sediment characteristics and quantification of ground water recharge, discharge, and evapotranspiration rates.     

AQUIFER PARAMETERS FROM CONSTANT DRAWDOWN NONSTEADY-LEAKY TYPE CURVES1

ABSTRACT: A drain function and set of type curves were defined for the mathematical solution that represents one-dimensional flow under nonsteady conditions in a leaky aquifer for the constant drawdown boundary condition. A match point procedure was developed for determining the aquifer parameters transmissivity, storage coefficient, and leakance based on the drain function and type curves. Use of the procedure is illustrated by an example that utilizes simulated aquifer drawdowns and flowrate data. The drain function and type curves developed in this investigation include the effects of leakage for the constant drawdown boundary condition, which is not included in the existing drain function and type curve found in the literature. Thus, a new set of type curves was developed that can be used to analyze drawdowns for one-dimensional flow in a leaky aquifer with constant drawdown at a line sink. Applications would include flow to a canal or river, drainage of agricultural lands, and dewatering associated with strip mining operations.     

岩溶裂隙含水层中石油类污染物的迁移与水力截获

对淄博市岩溶地下水遭受石油类污染的研究结果表明，在石灰岩含水层中，岩溶裂隙的发育对石油类污染物侵入地下水的运移过程具有控制作用，石油类污染物沿岩溶裂隙通道运移，在通道延伸的深部可以有高于浅层的检出，水力截获方法去除地下水中石油类污染物是有效的，但水力截获孔的位置应就近污染物集中检出带布置，尽量远离水源地，并正常运行。     

Impact of urbanization on hydrochemical evolution of groundwater and on unsaturated-zone gas composition in the coastal city of Tel Aviv, Israel

The coastal city of Tel Aviv was founded at the beginning of the 20th century. The number of its inhabitants and its water consumption increased rapidly. This study analyses a 15-year record (1934-1948) of pre-industrial development of groundwater chemistry in the urban area. Archive data on concentrations of major ions, dissolved gases (CO2 and O2), organic matter, and pH were available for each half-year during the period of 1934-1948. The major factors causing changes in the chemistry of groundwater flowing in three sandy sub-aquifers have been seawater encroachment due to overpumping, and infiltration of effluents from pit-latrine collectors. Influence of these factors decreases with depth. Landward-penetrating seawater passed through clayey coastal sediments, interbedded among sands and calcareous sandstones, and spread into the Kurkar Group aquifer. This has led to exchange of sodium (dominant in seawater) with calcium adsorbed on clay particles, enriching groundwater with calcium. Intensity of cation exchange decreases inland and with depth. Infiltration of pit-latrine effluents has introduced large amounts of ammonium into the unsaturated zone. Its rapid oxidation in unsaturated sediments has caused massive nitrate production, accompanied by pore-water acidification. This process induces dissolution of vadose carbonate, resulting in enrichment of groundwater recharge in calcium. Anthropogenically induced dissolution of calcite in the unsaturated zone has been the major factor for the increase of Ca2+ concentration in groundwater, accounting for about 80% of this increase. In the interface zone, an additional 20% of calcium has been supplied by cation exchange. Owing to pH increase caused by denitrification in the aquifer, Ca(2+)-rich waters supersaturated with calcite could be formed, especially in the capillary fringe of the uppermost sub-aquifer, which could induce calcite precipitation and ultimately lead to the cementation of sandy aquifers. Urban development has caused drastic changes in the gas content in the unsaturated zone and in groundwater. Carbon dioxide was intensively generated by nitrification-denitrification processes, by hydration of urea, to a lesser degree by oxidation of organic matter, and probably by anoxic biodegradation of organics. Between 1934 and 1948, concentrations of CO2 in unsaturated sediment air rose from 3.2% to 7.6%. In the unsaturated zone, oxygen consumption for oxidation of ammonium and organic matter lowered O2 concentrations in sediment air to unusually low values of 3.9-12.9%. Nitrification in the urban unsaturated zone could thus serve as a pump, sucking in atmospheric oxygen at a rate of about 0.3-0.5 g m-2 day-1. The extreme concentrations of CO2 and O2 in unsaturated sediments have been preserved due to production and consumption of gas under conditions of diminishing areas open to the atmosphere, uncovered by buildings and by roads.