Hydrochemical and multivariate statistical interpretations of spatial controls of nitrate concentrations in a shallow alluvial aquifer around oxbow lakes (Osong area, central Korea)

Hydrochemical and multivariate statistical interpretations of 16 physicochemical parameters of 45 groundwater samples from a riverside alluvial aquifer underneath an agricultural area in Osong, central Korea, were performed in this study to understand the spatial controls of nitrate concentrations in terms of biogeochemical processes occurring near oxbow lakes within a fluvial plain. Nitrate concentrations in groundwater showed a large variability from 0.1 to 190.6 mg/L (mean = 35.0 mg/L) with significantly lower values near oxbow lakes. The evaluation of hydrochemical data indicated that the groundwater chemistry (especially, degree of nitrate contamination) is mainly controlled by two competing processes: 1) agricultural contamination and 2) redox processes. In addition, results of factorial kriging, consisting of two steps (i.e., co-regionalization and factor analysis), reliably showed a spatial control of the concentrations of nitrate and other redox-sensitive species; in particular, significant denitrification was observed restrictedly near oxbow lakes. The results of this study indicate that sub-oxic conditions in an alluvial groundwater system are developed geologically and geochemically in and near oxbow lakes, which can effectively enhance the natural attenuation of nitrate before the groundwater discharges to nearby streams. This study also demonstrates the usefulness of multivariate statistical analysis in groundwater study as a supplementary tool for interpretation of complex hydrochemical data sets.     

Potential Impacts of Stormwater Runoff on Water Quality in Urban Sand Pits and Adjacent Groundwater1

Whittemore, Donald O., 2012. Potential Impacts of Stormwater Runoff on Water Quality in Urban Sand Pits and Adjacent Groundwater. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 584-602. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00637.x Abstract: Entrance of stormwater runoff into water-filled pits and adjacent aquifers is a contamination concern. The water and sediment quality in several sand pits and surrounding groundwater in Wichita, Kansas, were studied to comprehensively address stormwater runoff impact. The pits are used for residential development after sand and gravel mining. Water samples were analyzed for inorganic constituents, bacteria, and 252 organic compounds, and pit sediments for inorganic components and 32 organic chemicals. Although many pesticide and degradate compounds were found in the pit and well waters, none of these chemicals exceeded existing health levels. Other organic contaminants were detected in the waters, with those exceeding health levels at one site attributed to an undiscovered groundwater contamination plume and not to stormwater runoff. Persistent insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls detected in sediment of two pits are related to the age of residential development. The concentration distributions of pesticides and other organics at most of the sites, as well as iron, manganese, and ammonia patterns in downgradient well waters relative to upgradient well and pit waters, indicate that groundwater quality at the sites is affected by contaminants entering the pit surface waters. Thus, although current stormwater runoff does not appear to have contaminated sand-pit water and adjacent groundwater above health levels, the data show that the potential exists if stormwater became polluted.     

SH波入射多个半圆形谷地浅埋圆孔的动力分析

应用辅助函数的思想，通过复变函数和多级坐标的方法给出了SH波入射条件下多个半圆形沉积谷地附近多个浅埋圆形孔洞动力分析问题的解答。求解过程中将整个求解区域划分成两部分来处理：区域Ⅰ为多个半圆形沉积谷地，区域Ⅱ为多个浅埋圆形孔洞附近带多个半圆形凹陷的半无限弹性空间。在区域Ⅰ和Ⅱ中分别构造位移解，并在二个区域的“公共边界”上实施位移、应力的连续条件，建立起求解该问题的无穷代数方程组。最后．给出了分析例题和数值结果．并对其进行了讨论。     

FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT NEEDS PECULIAR TO ARID CLIMATES1

ABSTRACT: Many practices followed uniformly nationwide in the federal flood control and floodplain management programs are inappropriate or even counter productive in the arid Utah climate. An analysis of the 130-year Utah flood history, the structural and nonstructural flood programs in the state, and local perceptions obtained by field visits and interviews in 35 Utah communities revealed a number of such inefficiencies. Since flood flows dissipate quickly when they emerge from mountain watersheds onto desert lowlands, risks are concentrated near the apex of alluvial fans, include hazard from mud as well as water flow, and are compounded by canal interception of flood waters. Because of variation in the area flooded from one event to the next, floodplain mapping has tended to show risks too high in mapped areas and too low outside. Traditional channelization carries floods downstream past where they would dissipate naturally. The federal government needs to become more active in developing better flood hazard delineation and structural and nonstructural designs for arid areas. State government can help by providing a forum where communities can exchange experiences, reviewing structural designs prepared by local government, and providing local communities with technical expertise for dealing with federal agencies.     

NPK肥不同配比对萝卜产量及硝酸盐含量的影响

通过田间小区试验,采用NPK肥3因素5水平正交旋转组合设计,研究冲积菜园土上施用化肥对萝卜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明,低N与中高量PK肥配施既可保证萝卜最适产量,也可降低萝卜硝酸盐含量;回归和频数分析得出,萝卜产量达实际最高产量90%~95%左右,同时其硝酸盐含量降低至1 057~1 218 mg.kg-1的最佳NPK肥配比为N 100~141 kg.hm-2、P 84~100 kg.hm-2和K 220~279 kg.hm-2。     

土壤中铜、砷对水稻生长发育影响的研究

通过田间小区试验，研究了广州近郊冲积土添加重金属铜、砷对水稻生长发育的影响．结果表明，随着铜、砷浓度的增加，水稻的株高、生物产量和经济产量均明显下降；铜、砷在水稻各器官的含量分布是根＞茎叶＞糙米；糙米对铜、砷的吸收累积量很少，均未超过食品卫生标准．若以产量下降10％作为水稻受害的临界点，则铜的临界浓度为100mg／kg，砷为30mg／kg．