Species diversity variation of Cupressus funebris secondary forest in landslide site after 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake北大核心CSCD

The characteristics of species diversity in Cupressus funebris secondary forest under the effect of geological hazard were explored by selecting the typical landslide surface of Fenghuang Mountain, Leigu Town, Beichuan County, which was derived from the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake. The results showed that 93 species belonged to 42 families, and 78 genera were found in the landslide area, where the main families were Compositae, Leguminosae, and Gramineae-based. Further, 97 species in the transition area belonged to 39 families and 80 genera, and the main families were Compositae, Gramineae, and Rosaceae-based. In all, 108 species were recorded in the non-landslide area, which belonged to 59 families and 92 genera, the main families of which were Compositae, Rosaceae, and Gramineae-based. Compositae and Gramineae played important roles in the landslide recovery process after earthquake. The Pielou index (JSW) was the highest in the non-landslide area of the herb layer, whereas the richness index (D) was the lowest; the Shannon-Wiener index (H) and Simpson index (H') showed medium values. In the non-landslide area, the D, H, and H' were the highest in the shrub layer, whereas the JSW was the lowest. Further, the species diversity index of the transitional area was higher than that of the landslide area. In the tree layer, the D and H were both the highest and lowest in the landslide area and transition area, respectively. In contrast, the H' and JSW were the highest in the transition area and the lowest in the non-landslide area. The distribution of vegetation was generally consistent with the distribution of soil nutrients in the spatial distribution of surface soil nutrients. The succession of trees in the landslide area was relatively slow and at the initial stage, and the pioneer species were Coriaria nepalensis, Leptopus chinensis, and Arthraxon lanceolatus in this area. Taken together, the findings suggested that the stability of a plant community can be increased by improving the soil and stabilizing the slope. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

基于活性污泥微生物冻后再生对废水基质降解效能的研究

采用高径比为12.5的序批式反应器(SBR)对冷冻的成熟好氧颗粒污泥（AGS）解冻驯化,研究母体颗粒冻后富集培养及其在番茄废水基质降解中的循环利用。结果表明：冻后恢复活性的污泥第60天全部颗粒化,平均粒径不小于0.45 mm;高通量测序结果显示,相较母体颗粒,该污泥中与颗粒化相关的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)优势菌群富集,微生物丰度呈显著差异（P<0.05）;复合菌株对COD、NH3-N和PO3-4-P去除率分别为98.9%、82.1%和82.2%,可实现番茄废水的有效降解。     

围垦养殖对中国典型滨海湿地土壤真菌多样性及群落结构影响

本研究以我国黄河口碱蓬湿地、九龙江口桐花树湿地、东寨港木榄湿地为研究样地,借助高通量测序技术探究这3个典型滨海湿地围垦养殖前、后土壤真菌多样性及群落结构的变化.结果表明：①不同地域湿地围垦养殖对土壤真菌群落多样性及丰富度影响表现不一致.九龙江口桐花树湿地围垦后,土壤真菌多样性及丰富度有所下降;黄河口碱蓬湿地和东寨港木榄湿地围垦后土壤真菌多样性及丰富度显著增加;②子囊菌门（Ascomycota）在湿地围垦养殖前、后土壤中均为优势真菌门,但其相对丰度在围垦后显著下降;③湿地围垦养殖改变了土壤真菌属水平群落组成,黄河口湿地围垦后,未出现翅孢壳属（Emericellopsis）、毛霉属（Mucor）、枝顶孢属（Acremonium）;九龙江口和东寨港湿地围垦后,青霉属（Penicillium）相对丰度显著下降,并新增了镰刀菌属（Fusarium）,九龙江口湿地围垦后还新增了链格孢属（Alternaria）;④环境因子与湿地土壤真菌相对丰度存在一定程度的相关性,青霉属（Penicillium）与容重呈显著负相关（p<0.05）,与pH呈显著负相关（p<0.01）,与有机碳呈显著正相关（p<0.01）;翅孢壳属（Emericellopsis）与容重和pH呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,与有机碳呈显著负相关（p<0.01）.     

潮汐-复合流人工湿地系统优化及对抗生素抗性基因的去除效果

抗生素抗性基因随废水排放传播扩散,对环境生物和民众健康构成严重威胁.针对废水中抗性基因的深度去除值得重点关注.在前期研究中发现潮汐流人工湿地能有效去除废水中多种氮素.本研究通过增加隔板和种植植物等方式进一步优化潮汐流人工湿地系统,并考察了工艺优化对抗性基因去除和脱氮功能微生物的影响机制.结果表明,同时增加隔板和种植植物后的潮汐-复合流人工湿地系统能有效提高抗性基因的去除效率,在增加隔板和种植植物组对7类21种抗性基因去除率最高达到83.82%~100.0%,显著高于单一增加隔板或种植植物组.从湿地基质和植物中的抗性基因绝对丰度对比可以看出,增加隔板能促进湿地基质中抗性基因量积累,而植物对抗性基因吸附也是其去除途径之一.同时,结合氮循环功能基因测序结果显示,湿地系统优化能提高基质中硝化和反硝化功能微生物物种多样性和丰富度,这与优化系统对废水中硝化量、反硝化量和总氮的去除率相对更高结果一致.     

A heuristic approach to predicting water beetle diversity in temporary and fluctuating waters

An understanding of the causal mechanisms and processes that shape macroinvertebrate communities at a local scale has important implications for the management and conservation of freshwater biodiversity. Here we compare the performance of linear and non-linear statistics to explore diversity-environment relationships using data from 76 temporary and fluctuating ponds in two regions of southern England. We focus on aquatic beetle assemblages, which have been shown to be excellent surrogates of wider freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity. Ponds in the region contained a rich coleopteran fauna, totaling 68 species, which provided an excellent model system with which to compare the performance of two non-linear procedures (artificial neural networks—ANNs and generalised additive models—GAMs) and one more traditional linear approach (Multiple linear regression—MLR) to modelling diversity-environment relationships. Of all approaches employed, the best fit was obtained using an ANN model with only four input variables (conductivity, turbidity, magnesium concentration and depth). This model accounted for 82% of the observed variability in Shannon diversity index across ponds. In contrast, the best GAM and MLR models only explained 50% and 14% of this variation, respectively. Contribution profile analysis of conductivity, turbidity, magnesium concentration and depth, obtained from the best fit ANN through a hierarchical cluster analysis, allowed the identification of direct and proxy effects in relation to the environmental variables measured in this study. In each case, distinct clusters of ponds were identified in contribution profile analysis, suggesting that ponds across the two regions fall into a number of discrete groups, whose beetle faunas respond in subtly yet significantly different ways to key environmental variables. Aquatic coleopteran diversity in ponds in the two regions appears to be driven at a local scale by changes in relatively few physicochemical gradients, which are related to diversity in a clearly non-linear manner.     

Biodiversity Differences between Managed and Unmanaged Forests: Meta-Analysis of Species Richness in Europe

Abstract: Past and present pressures on forest resources have led to a drastic decrease in the surface area of unmanaged forests in Europe. Changes in forest structure, composition, and dynamics inevitably lead to changes in the biodiversity of forest‐dwelling species. The possible biodiversity gains and losses due to forest management (i.e., anthropogenic pressures related to direct forest resource use), however, have never been assessed at a pan‐European scale. We used meta‐analysis to review 49 published papers containing 120 individual comparisons of species richness between unmanaged and managed forests throughout Europe. We explored the response of different taxonomic groups and the variability of their response with respect to time since abandonment and intensity of forest management. Species richness was slightly higher in unmanaged than in managed forests. Species dependent on forest cover continuity, deadwood, and large trees (bryophytes, lichens, fungi, saproxylic beetles) and carabids were negatively affected by forest management. In contrast, vascular plant species were favored. The response for birds was heterogeneous and probably depended more on factors such as landscape patterns. The global difference in species richness between unmanaged and managed forests increased with time since abandonment and indicated a gradual recovery of biodiversity. Clearcut forests in which the composition of tree species changed had the strongest effect on species richness, but the effects of different types of management on taxa could not be assessed in a robust way because of low numbers of replications in the management‐intensity classes. Our results show that some taxa are more affected by forestry than others, but there is a need for research into poorly studied species groups in Europe and in particular locations. Our meta‐analysis supports the need for a coordinated European research network to study and monitor the biodiversity of different taxa in managed and unmanaged forests.     

钻井废弃液中石油污染物及细菌生态多样性

采用GC/MS分析方法,发现平湖油田钻井废弃液中含有烃类、酸类和酯类等23种有机污染物质,含量达到49 800 mg/L。运用16S rRNA基因分析法测得的微生物生态多样性表明,废弃液中微生物种类丰富,包括γ和β变形杆菌,γ-Proteobacteria是优势菌群,占克隆总数78.6%。Oceanospirillales、Pseudomonadales和Enterobacteriales是γ-Proteobacteria纲的主要菌群。     

基于PCR-DGGE的重金属污染土壤微生物种群指纹分析

采用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析方法,研究沈阳市细河沿岸重金属污染土壤中微生物结构多样性、种群丰富度及种群结构的动态变化规律。结果表明：直接从土壤中抽提总DNA,对16SrRNAV3可变区序列进行扩增,DGGE指纹图谱分析,微生物种群结构和变化规律明显,同时也表现为重金属污染程度越重,多样性指数越低;其中细河底泥重金属含量严重超标,多样性指数最低。经方差分析,重金属污染情况与Shannon-wiener多样性指数呈负相关,其中重金属污染对微生物的均匀度指数影响最显著,并且锌污染对其影响最大为-0.985。表明PCR-DGGE技术可以用于污染环境下微生物多样性研究,也为污染环境下土壤微生物多样性研究提供了新的实验方法与依据。     

长江口浮游植物分布情况及与径流关系的初步探讨

利用2004—2008年5月（春季）和8月（夏季）共10个季度月航次调查资料,结合同时期长江口径流量的数据,研究了长江口海域浮游植物的分布特征、及其受长江径流影响的关系。分布情况的结果显示：同一年中,夏季调查航次鉴定的浮游植物种类数明显多于春季的种类数;浮游植物数量的基本趋势逐年增加,其中2008年调查航次的浮游植物数量急剧暴发;同时生物多样性指数呈逐年下降趋势,海域水质污染程度日趋严重。对浮游植物与长江口径流量的关系分析得到：拟合长江口5、8月平均径流量与对应调查航次的浮游植物数量呈正相关的幂函数关系,径流量与浮游植物多样度呈负相关的指数函数关系,径流量与浮游植物优势种数量百分比呈正相关的幂函数关系,关系都明显显著。其中长江口径流量的输入对优势种尤其是近岸低盐性的中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）分布有着决定性的影响;长江径流把大量的N、P等无机营养物质携带入海,导致长江口水域严重富营养化,造成长江口海域的局部区域频发赤潮。     

恩诺沙星对土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性的影响（Effects of Enrofloxacin on the Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Communities）

为了评价恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin)对土壤微生物群落的影响,借助BIOLOG检测法比较了不同浓度恩诺沙星影响下的土壤微生物的群落特征.结果表明,加药组土壤微生物的丰富度指数和多样性指数显著低于空白对照组,且药物浓度越高丰富度和多样性越小.用药后第3d、14d,恩诺沙星含量0.1～100μg·g-1使土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性显著降低(p<0.05);第35d,恩诺沙星含量10～100μg·g-1使土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性显著降低,随着药物作用的时间延长,药物含量0.01～1μg·g-1组土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性与空白对照组之间的差异变小.