夏秋季节北京市居家室内微生物多样性的变化特征

室内空气中过高浓度的生物粒子有害人体健康.空气中的微生物通常与灰尘结合在一起,然而目前对家庭室内灰尘微生物多样性及其随季节变化特征的报道较少.本研究在北京市选择1户家庭,在夏季和秋季定期采集灰尘样品,通过高通量测序研究细菌和真菌群落组成及多样性,并分析细菌-真菌的网络互作特征.结果显示,室内灰尘细菌和真菌群落Shannon指数及Chao1指数夏季均显著高于秋季（p<0.05）.此外,室内灰尘细菌群落结构夏季与秋季无显著差异（p>0.05）,主要类群为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、考克氏菌属（Kocuria）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）;真菌群落结构夏季与秋季则明显不同（p<0.05）,夏季优势类群为曲霉属（Aspergillus）、链格孢属（Alternaria）和裂褶菌属（Schizophyllum）,而秋季曲霉属占绝对主导地位.室内灰尘微生物网络互作具有明显的季节特征,夏季微生物互作主要为细菌-细菌,以及细菌-真菌的正相互作用;而秋季微生物互作比夏季更紧密,以细菌-细菌的正相互作用为主.这些结果可为构建健康的居家环境提供参考依据.     

好氧颗粒污泥技术处理乡镇污水应用

为研究好氧颗粒污泥技术是否适用于处理乡镇污水,采用该技术对处理规模为400 m3/d的乡镇污水处理厂进行改造,考察了污泥颗粒化过程、污染物去除效果及接种絮状污泥与好氧颗粒污泥微生物群落结构差异.结果表明,以进料负荷的交替变化作为调控措施,反应器启动后第13天污泥出现颗粒化,颗粒污泥平均粒径0.499 mm;启动第40天污泥完全颗粒化,颗粒污泥平均粒径1.336 mm.完全颗粒化后SBR反应器内ρ（MLSS）稳定在8~12 g/L,SVI维持在25~40 mL/g,出水ρ（COD_Cr）、ρ（NH₃-N）、ρ（TN）始终满足GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准要求.群落结构的研究结果表明,相比于接种絮状污泥,好氧颗粒污泥群落丰富度和多样性均明显减少,反硝化功能菌和聚磷菌丰度显著增加;在好氧颗粒污泥中,Nitrosomonas（亚硝化单胞菌属）、Nitrospira（硝化螺旋菌属）是主要的硝化功能菌;Dechloromonas、Clostridium sensu stricto 13（梭菌属）是主要的反硝化细菌;Aeromonas（气单胞菌属）、Clostridium sensu stricto 13（梭菌属）是主要的聚磷菌;Uncultured Xanthomonadaceae、Comamonas（丛毛单胞菌属）、Zoogloea（动胶菌属）是降解有机物的主要菌种,其中Comamonas（丛毛单胞菌属）、Zoogloea（动胶菌属）也是好氧污泥颗粒化过程中的关键菌株.      

天然气管道施工对脆弱黄土区土壤养分及细菌多样性影响

为探索天然气管道施工后土壤植被恢复的影响因素,研究了榆林脆弱黄土区管道施工扰动和周边天然植被区的植被特点、土壤理化性质、细菌群落结构.结果表明:管道施工扰动后,与天然植被区比较,扰动区植被盖度从60%下降到30%,土壤养分除全钾和全磷含量分别増加了29.97%和18.24%外,土壤含水率、有机质、全氮、速效钾、速效磷、速效氮、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶均显著降低,土壤p H变化明显;扰动区土壤细菌丰度和多样性显著低于天然植被区.变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)为共同优势细菌,但扰动区变形菌门的丰度显著增加,从30.83%增加到49.26%.在属水平上,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingosine)为共同优势菌属,扰动区两者丰度分别从6.31%和5.28%增加到19.95%和9.69%(p0.01),表明扰动后逆境适应性强的细菌丰度增加.细菌优势菌属与土壤理化因子相关性分析表明,假单胞菌属分布与土壤理化因子无显著相关性,芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属与全钾呈显著负相关(p0.01),GP6与速效氮呈显著负相关,与速效磷呈显著负相关(p0.01),与全磷呈显著正相关(p0.05),表明土壤养分会影响细菌群落结构和多样性.     

A review of perceived diversity in teams: Does how members perceive their team's composition affect team processes and outcomes?

In this paper, we review the growing literature on perceived diversity in teams. We aim to clarify the construct of perceived diversity and organize the findings in this emergent line of research. To do so, we develop a framework integrating research emerging on perceived diversity from across several different research fields. We propose that the nature of perceived diversity and its effects can be best understood by identifying the focal point of the diversity perceptions being studied: perceptions of self‐to‐team dissimilarity, of subgroup splits, and of group heterogeneity. Our review concludes that perceived self‐to‐team dissimilarity and perceived subgroup splits mostly have been linked to negative effects for individuals and groups, whereas perceived group heterogeneity has been shown to exert both positive and negative effects on group outcomes. Our review also draws attention to the problem that research on perceived diversity varies not only in definitions and conceptualizations, but also in the methodological approaches towards operationalizing perceived diversity. We conclude by discussing potential areas for future research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

矿化垃圾生物反应器中的细菌多样性分析

为探究准好氧生物矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液过程中的微生物作用机理,研究建立了16S r DNA克隆文库及PCRRFLP技术以研究矿化垃圾反应器的细菌多样性。结果表明:矿化垃圾反应器细菌具有高度多样性,反应器内有36种细菌分别属于13个纲,变形菌纲占绝对优势占70%(其中β-变形占56.5%,γ-变形菌纲占10%),拟杆菌纲、鞘氨醇菌纲,芽孢杆菌纲也具有一定优势;3%的Nitrosomonas属是渗滤液氨氮转化成亚硝酸盐氮的主要功能微生物,由于亚硝酸盐氧化菌不存在或丰度极低,因此造成反应器内亚硝酸盐积累;Thauera属(17%)和Thiobacillus denitrificans属(10%)是反应器内主要优势微生物属,是反应器内反硝化脱氮的功能微生物,由于Thauera属在好氧条件下具有反硝化特性,Thiobacillus denitrificans为严格自养反硝化菌,因此反应器脱氮主要途径为好氧反硝化、自养反硝化。     

安徽某铁矿酸性矿山废水夏季和秋季微生物群落结构特征

分别采集了夏秋两季安徽某铁矿的酸性矿山废水样品,分析其物理化学参数,并利用分子生物学方法研究了该酸性矿山废水中微生物群落结构随时间和空间的变化规律.结果表明:该矿山废水酸性极强,夏季所采样品pH在2.80左右,且阴阳离子含量很高,Al~(3+)为1108~1138mg·L~(-1),SO_4~(2-)则高达19.80~23.79 g·L~(-1).秋季样品p H没有明显变化,但由于两次采样期间的大量降水,样品中各离子含量明显低于夏季.值得注意的是,该极端酸性的矿山废水中叶绿素a含量较高,夏季达63.8~94.2μg·L~(-1),秋季则降至16.6~32.7μg·L~(-1).无论是在夏季还是秋季,Alphaproteobacteria在绝大多数位点的细菌群落中占据着优势地位.化能异养菌Acidiphilium是最主要的细菌菌属,它在夏季和秋季各位点群落中所占比例都达20%左右,这应该与其丰富的代谢方式有关.对于真核微生物群落,夏季主要为尖毛虫和小球藻,秋季主要为棕鞭藻和小球藻.小球藻是该酸性生态系统主要的生产者,尖毛虫和棕鞭藻则扮演着顶级消费者的角色.该酸性废水应处于酸水形成末期,所以细菌群落中化能异养菌占据着优势地位,化能自养菌比例较少.由于温度等理化性质的不同,微生物群落结构随时间和空间发生了一定变化,其中以真核微生物群落结构变化最为显著.     

Effect of copper tolerant Elsholtzia splendens on bacterial community associated with Commelina communis on a copper mine spoil

Facilitation, or positive plant–plant interaction, has received increasing concern from ecologists over the last two decades. Facilitation may occur through direct mitigation of severe environments or indirect mediation by a third participant from the same or different trophic levels. The copper(Cu) tolerant species Elsholtzia splendens facilitates the establishment and growth of co-occurring Commelina communis through indirect enrichment of microbial activity. However, whether and how E. splendens impacts the microbial community that is associated with C. communis is less known. We characterized the soil bacterial community in the rhizosphere of C. communis in the absence and presence of E.splendens using PCR-DGGE(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and sequencing. The result showed that the richness of the bacterial community increased, but diversity and evenness remained similar, in the presence of E. splendens.Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria were the most dominant bacteria. The relative abundance of dominant and minor bacterial groups showed distinctly different responses to E. splendens. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis indicated that variation of the bacterial community was determined by multiple factors and might be driven by the tested soil parameters collectively, or alternatively changed through plant root exudates or other microorganisms. Our results enhance the understanding of how the bacterial community associated with a beneficiary plant responds to a benefactor plant and suggests that the changes of bacterial community composition may have far-reaching influence on plant–soil feedback and the aboveground plant community in the long run.     

Being trusted: How team generational age diversity promotes and undermines trust in cross‐boundary relationships

We examine how demographic context influences the trust that boundary spanners experience in their dyadic relationships with clients. Because of the salience of age as a demographic characteristic as well as the increasing prevalence of age diversity and intergenerational conflict in the workplace, we focus on team age diversity as a demographic social context that affects trust between boundary spanners and their clients. Using social categorization theory and theories of social capital, we develop and test our contextual argument that a boundary spanner's experience of being trusted is influenced by the social categorization processes that occur in dyadic interactions with a specific client and, simultaneously, by similar social categorization processes that influence the degree to which the client team as a whole serves as a cooperative resource for demographically similar versus dissimilar boundary spanner–client dyads. Using a sample of 168 senior boundary spanners from the consulting industry, we find that generational diversity among client team members from a client organization undermines the perception of being trusted within homogeneous boundary spanner–client dyads while it enhances the perception of being trusted within heterogeneous dyads. The perception of being trusted is an important aspect of cross‐boundary relationships because it influences coordination and the costs associated with coordination. © 2015 The Author Journal of Organizational Behavior Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

Grassland Bird Responses to Land Management in the Largest Remaining Tallgrass Prairie

Abstract: Extensive habitat loss and changing agricultural practices have caused widespread declines in grassland birds throughout North America. The Flint Hills of Kansas and Oklahoma—the largest remaining tallgrass prairie—is important for grassland bird conservation despite supporting a major cattle industry. In 2004 and 2005, we assessed the community, population, and demographic responses of grassland birds to the predominant management practices (grazing, burning, and haying) of the region, including grasslands restored under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). We targeted 3 species at the core of this avian community: the Dickcissel (Spiza americana), Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), and Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna). Bird diversity was higher in native prairie hayfields and grazed pastures than CRP fields, which were dominated by Dickcissels. Although Dickcissel density was highest in CRP, their nest success was highest and nest parasitism by Brown‐headed Cowbirds (Moluthrus ater) lowest in unburned hayfields (in 2004). Conversely, Grasshopper Sparrow density was highest in grazed pastures, but their nest success was lowest in these pastures and highest in burned hayfields, where cowbird parasitism was also lowest (in 2004). Management did not influence density and nest survival of Eastern Meadowlarks, which were uniformly low across the region. Nest success was extremely low (5–12%) for all 3 species in 2005, perhaps because of a record spring drought. Although the CRP has benefited grassland birds in agricultural landscapes, these areas may have lower habitat value in the context of native prairie. Hayfields may provide beneficial habitat for some grassland birds in the Flint Hills because they are mowed later in the breeding season than elsewhere in the Midwest. Widespread grazing and annual burning have homogenized habitat—and thus grassland‐bird responses—across the Flint Hills. Diversification of management practices could increase habitat heterogeneity and enhance the conservation potential of the Flint Hills for grassland birds.     

Conservation Assessment of Southern South American Freshwater Ecoregions on the Basis of the Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Crabs from the Genus Aegla

Abstract:  We assessed the conservation priority of 18 freshwater ecoregions in southern South America on the basis of Aegla (genus of freshwater crabs) genetic diversity and distribution. Geographical distributions for 66 Aegla species were taken from the literature and plotted against ecoregions and main river basins of southern South America. Species richness and number of threatened and endemic species were calculated for each area. To assess taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity, we generated a molecular phylogeny based on DNA sequences for one nuclear (28S) and 4 mitochondrial (12S, 16S, COI, and COII) genes. All species richness and phylogenetic methods agreed, to a large extent, in their rankings of the importance of conservation areas, as indicated by the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient ( p < 0.01); nonetheless, some of the lowest correlations were observed between taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity indices. The 5 ecoregions of the Laguna dos Patos Basin (Eastern Brazil), Central Chile, South Brazilian Coast, Chilean Lakes, and Subtropical Potamic Axis (northern Argentina and southern Uruguay and Paraguay) had the highest biodiversity scores. Conservation of these regions will preserve the largest number of species and the greatest amount of genetic diversity within the South American freshwater Aegla fauna. Biodiversity across rivers and within areas was heterogeneously distributed in the ecoregions of Upper Paraná, Ribeira do Iguape, Upper Uruguay, and South Brazilian Coast (i.e., one river showed significantly more biodiversity than any other river from the same ecoregion), but homogeneously distributed in the other ecoregions. Hence, conservation plans in the former regions will potentially require less effort than plans in the latter regions.