厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能及细菌群落多样性分析

采用提高进水NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N浓度的方式将上流式厌氧过滤床(UBF)反应器的容积负荷由0.52 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)增大至2.75 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和TN的去除率也相应地分别从76.18%、53.47%、55.66%增大至94.04%、86.97%、82.96%.同时,采用Illumina高通量测序分析技术,对UBF厌氧氨氧化反应器内微生物的分布规律进行了研究.结果表明,反应器中的脱氮细菌较为丰富,其中变形菌门、浮霉菌门和硝化螺旋菌门分别占27.9%~39.9%、1.1%~26.4%和0.035%~0.188%.反应器运行过程中,反应器中的浮霉菌门Planctomycetes和变形菌门Proteobacteria分别由1.1%、27.9%增加至26.4%、39.9%.其中,浮霉菌门的丰度增大最为显著,其包含的Brocadiacea科达到了24.57%,成为优势菌群,Brocadiacea科主要包含Candidatus brocadia属.Alpha多样性指数和物种相对丰度聚类图分析表明反应器内微生物群落多样性逐渐减小,微生物群落结构产生了显著变化.     

黄河三角洲湿地土壤微生物群落结构分析

采用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)技术和16S rDNA克隆文库的方法,分析了黄河三角洲滨海湿地土壤不同深度细菌和古菌的群落结构.研究表明,随着深度的增加,细菌群落的多样性下降,而古菌群落多样性则有上升的趋势,且土壤的细菌和古菌群落结构都呈现出规律的层状分布.该土壤包括各种硫酸盐还原菌、产甲烷古菌、光合细菌等丰富的细菌和古菌资源.图5参27     

乐安江重金属污染对浮游植物群落结构的影响

１９９３年和１９９４年对乐安江６个采样站浮游植物的两次调查结果表明，藻类的群落结构因不同河段水质状况不同而不同：未受矿山废水污染的上游海口站，藻类多样性指数较高，密度较低，优势种多为清洁神和耐中污的种类，水质较好；接纳大量矿山及采矿化工废水和生活污水的沽口站，藻类受到明显抑制，多样性指数极低，耐污种占绝对优势，水质极差；随流程和净化时间的延长，下游各站藻类的种类、数量、多样性指数、种类数比均不断上升，优势比不断下降，体现出明显的水质净化趋势．乐安江水体Ｃｕ２＋浓度与藻类的种类、数量、种类多样性指数、种类数比呈负相关的关系，Ｃｕ２＋浓度与藻类的优势比呈正相关关系；ｐＨ值与上述指标关系正好与Ｃｕ２＋所呈现的关系相反．藻类群落结构在春季丰水期与秋季枯水期的变化表明，春季乐安江水质好于秋季．     

草原不同沙化地段蝗虫与植物群落多样性的变化及相互关系的数值分析

通过对植物和蝗虫种群生物量的调查，研究了宁夏盐池县干草原沙化过程中植物和蝗虫群落结构、多样性与丰富度的变化，以及其相互关系．结果表明，植物和蝗虫群落随着草地的沙化程度表现出序列性演替过程，蝗虫群落多样性直接受植物群密结构变化的影响，但二者的变化趋势并不完全平行．草地沙化对蝗虫群落多样性和丰富度是一种灾变性影响：沙化导致植被结构与土壤硬度的变化，造成蝗虫产卵地条件的改变．     

应用T-RFLP技术分析滇池污染水体的细菌群落

为确定重富营养化湖泊--滇池水体的主要细菌类型与种群结构,本研究运用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术分析了滇池水体9个样点的细菌群落特征及多样性.对各样本的T-RFLP谱图进行聚类分析,结果表明不同地理位置的污染物浓度差异可能是造成细菌群落差异的主要原因.研究同时结合克隆文库技术对各样本T-RFLP谱图中的...     

土壤微生物对环境胁迫的响应机制

微生物在生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中起重要作用.研究土壤微生物对各种环境胁迫的响应有助于认识微生物对环境变化的适应与演变机理,维持土壤生态系统功能的稳定.土壤微生物群落多样性是衡量土壤生态系统稳定性的一个重要指标.多数研究表明,土壤微生物群落多样性越高,土壤生态系统越稳定.本文在总结土壤微生物群落多样性及其与环境胁迫响应关系的基础上,进一步讨论了土壤微生物对环境胁迫响应的生态学机制,包括:①抗性微生物的出现及抗性基因的水平转移.该过程导致了土壤微生物群落结构和多样性的改变,产生了更多抵抗能力较强的微生物类群,从而达到对外源干扰的适应,使土壤微生物群落对环境胁迫的抵抗力和恢复力随之提高.②土壤微生物群落功能的冗余.这些冗余程度越高,冗余组分缓冲维持生态系统正常功能的能力越强,从而提高微生物群落对环境胁迫的抵抗力和恢复力.研究土壤生态系统的稳定性与微生物多样性之间的关系,不仅有助于揭示土壤生态系统稳定性的内在机制,为合理调控提供科学依据,也可以为土壤环境质量管理提供参考.     

基于16S rRNA高通量测序的北运河水体及沉积物微生物群落组成对比分析

微生物群落在沉积物和水生态系统中的物质循环中发挥重要作用,是水生态系统与沉积物之间污染物质交换的桥梁.但非常规补给水源扰动和闸坝、衬砌截流为主的城市河道水体和沉积物微生物对比研究并不多见,基于此以高度人工化的北运河京津冀段为研究区域,尝试利用高通量测序结果对水体和沉积物微生物群落组成差异进行分析.结果表明,北运河沉积物较水体具有更高的微生物群落α多样性,β多样性则表现为水体中微生物群落较沉积物群落的相似性更高.变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)丰度在水体与沉积物中无显著差异,且在两种生境条件下均为优势类群.α变形杆菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)、放线杆菌门(Actinobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)在水体中的丰度较高,而γ变形杆菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、δ变形杆菌纲(δ-Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)则在沉积物中有着更高丰度.好氧或兼性厌氧菌为主的水体类群和厌氧菌为主的沉积物...     

Characterization of depth-related microbial communities in lake sediment by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified 16S rRNA fragments

The characterization of microbial communities of different depth sediment samples was examined by a culture-independent method and compared with physicochemical parameters, those are organic matter （OM）, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, pH and redox potential （Eh）. Total genomic DNA was extracted from samples derived from different depths. After they were amplified with the GC-341 f/907r primer sets of partial bacterial 16S rRNA genes, the products were separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）. The profile of DGGE fingerprints of different depth sediment samples revealed that the community structure remained relatively stable along the entire 45 cm sediment core, however, principal-component analysis of DGGE patterns revealed that at greater sediment depths, successional shifts in community structure were evident. The principle coordinates analysis suggested that the bacterial communities along the sediment core could be separated into two groups, which were located 0-20 cm and 21-45 cm, respectively. The sequencing dominant bands demonstrated that the major phylogenetic groups identified by DGGE belonged to Bacillus, Bacterium, Brevibacillus, Exiguobacterium, γ-Proteobacterium, Acinetobacter sp. and some uncultured or unidentified bacteria. The results indicated the existence of highly diverse bacterial community in the lake sediment core.     

Improving effectiveness of systematic conservation planning with density data

Systematic conservation planning aims to design networks of protected areas that meet conservation goals across large landscapes. The optimal design of these conservation networks is most frequently based on the modeled habitat suitability or probability of occurrence of species, despite evidence that model predictions may not be highly correlated with species density. We hypothesized that conservation networks designed using species density distributions more efficiently conserve populations of all species considered than networks designed using probability of occurrence models. To test this hypothesis, we used the Zonation conservation prioritization algorithm to evaluate conservation network designs based on probability of occurrence versus density models for 26 land bird species in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. We assessed the efficacy of each conservation network based on predicted species densities and predicted species diversity. High‐density model Zonation rankings protected more individuals per species when networks protected the highest priority 10‐40% of the landscape. Compared with density‐based models, the occurrence‐based models protected more individuals in the lowest 50% priority areas of the landscape. The 2 approaches conserved species diversity in similar ways: predicted diversity was higher in higher priority locations in both conservation networks. We conclude that both density and probability of occurrence models can be useful for setting conservation priorities but that density‐based models are best suited for identifying the highest priority areas. Developing methods to aggregate species count data from unrelated monitoring efforts and making these data widely available through ecoinformatics portals such as the Avian Knowledge Network will enable species count data to be more widely incorporated into systematic conservation planning efforts.     

Aligning science and policy to achieve evolutionarily enlightened conservation

There is increasing recognition among conservation scientists that long‐term conservation outcomes could be improved through better integration of evolutionary theory into management practices. Despite concerns that the importance of key concepts emerging from evolutionary theory (i.e., evolutionary principles and processes) are not being recognized by managers, there has been little effort to determine the level of integration of evolutionary theory into conservation policy and practice. We assessed conservation policy at 3 scales (international, national, and provincial) on 3 continents to quantify the degree to which key evolutionary concepts, such as genetic diversity and gene flow, are being incorporated into conservation practice. We also evaluated the availability of clear guidance within the applied evolutionary biology literature as to how managers can change their management practices to achieve better conservation outcomes. Despite widespread recognition of the importance of maintaining genetic diversity, conservation policies provide little guidance about how this can be achieved in practice and other relevant evolutionary concepts, such as inbreeding depression, are mentioned rarely. In some cases the poor integration of evolutionary concepts into management reflects a lack of decision‐support tools in the literature. Where these tools are available, such as risk‐assessment frameworks, they are not being adopted by conservation policy makers, suggesting that the availability of a strong evidence base is not the only barrier to evolutionarily enlightened management. We believe there is a clear need for more engagement by evolutionary biologists with policy makers to develop practical guidelines that will help managers make changes to conservation practice. There is also an urgent need for more research to better understand the barriers to and opportunities for incorporating evolutionary theory into conservation practice.