Ecology of ground beetles in an industrial city

Specific ecological features of ground beetles inhabiting city parks and suburban areas were studied in the large industrial city of Nizhnii Tagil (Sverdlovsk oblast). Carabid cenoses of city parks retained considerable species diversity but proved to be strongly dominated by a limited number of species. An analysis of their state before and after recreational impact revealed changes in the species composition of communities, the set of dominant species, the degrees of their dominance, and the ratio between classes of life forms. The results show that the stronger the recreational impact, the more significant the decrease in the species diversity of the carabid community.     

Threatened Species and the Potential Loss of Phylogenetic Diversity: Conservation Scenarios Based on Estimated Extinction Probabilities and Phylogenetic Risk Analysis

Abstract: New species conservation strategies, including the EDGE of Existence (EDGE) program, have expanded threatened species assessments by integrating information about species' phylogenetic distinctiveness. Distinctiveness has been measured through simple scores that assign shared credit among species for evolutionary heritage represented by the deeper phylogenetic branches. A species with a high score combined with a high extinction probability receives high priority for conservation efforts. Simple hypothetical scenarios for phylogenetic trees and extinction probabilities demonstrate how such scoring approaches can provide inefficient priorities for conservation. An existing probabilistic framework derived from the phylogenetic diversity measure (PD) properly captures the idea of shared responsibility for the persistence of evolutionary history. It avoids static scores, takes into account the status of close relatives through their extinction probabilities, and allows for the necessary updating of priorities in light of changes in species threat status. A hypothetical phylogenetic tree illustrates how changes in extinction probabilities of one or more species translate into changes in expected PD. The probabilistic PD framework provided a range of strategies that moved beyond expected PD to better consider worst‐case PD losses. In another example, risk aversion gave higher priority to a conservation program that provided a smaller, but less risky, gain in expected PD. The EDGE program could continue to promote a list of top species conservation priorities through application of probabilistic PD and simple estimates of current extinction probability. The list might be a dynamic one, with all the priority scores updated as extinction probabilities change. Results of recent studies suggest that estimation of extinction probabilities derived from the red list criteria linked to changes in species range sizes may provide estimated probabilities for many different species. Probabilistic PD provides a framework for single‐species assessment that is well‐integrated with a broader measurement of impacts on PD owing to climate change and other factors.     

京杭大运河（杭州段）典型断面水生植物多样性调查及其与水环境相关性研究

水生植物群落特征是水环境质量的重要标志.为了解京杭大运河(杭州段)的水生生态系统中水生植物的分布特点,探析水质与植物群落间的关系,对其5个典型断面水域中的水生植物进行了调查:考察了各断面水域中水生植物物种组成、多样性分布规律、生物量和主要优势种;分析了水环境的温度、pH值、透明度、溶解氧和主要生源要素等理化因子;采用多元统计方法,探讨了浮游植物多样性分布与环境因子的相关性;并对各断面水体的营养水平进行了评价.结果表明,京杭大运河(杭州段)典型断面的水生植物多样性主要取决于浮游植物的多样性,共观察鉴定了35属的藻类,其中优势群落为硅藻门的明盘藻属(Hyalodiscus Ehrenberg)与直链藻属(Melosira Agardh);从对浮游植物多样性及分布的影响来看,在现有的6个环境因子中,溶解氧、透明度、水温理化因子均对浮游植物的分布产生明显影响,而pH值的影响最大;就水质营养化程度而言,塘栖大桥和卖鱼桥相对污染程度较轻,义桥、顾家桥和拱宸桥污染程度较高,而义桥污染最为严重.     

互花米草沼泽湿地产甲烷古菌的多样性及垂向分布

为了深入探究影响河口沼泽湿地甲烷排放空间变异的关键因素,采用PCR-RFLP技术及测序分析对闽江河口互花米草沼泽湿地产甲烷古菌的多样性及垂向分布进行了研究.系统发育分析表明,闽江河口互花米草沼泽湿地产甲烷古菌的多样性划分为3大类群:甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)、甲烷微菌目(Methanomirobiales)和甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales).在不同的土壤深度,产甲烷古菌的群落结构呈现出空间变异的特征.0~10 cm土层占优势的产甲烷古菌菌属为Methanoregula和Methanobacterium,分别约占46%和43%;10~20 cm土层主要菌属为Methanoregula、Methanobacterium和Methanolobus,分别约占66%、13%和12%,Methanoregula为优势菌属;20~30 cm土层主要菌属为Methanoregula、Methanobacterium和Methanogenium,分别约占65%、11%和12%,Methanoregula为优势菌属.Shannon指数(H')和Simpson多样性指数(D)计算结果表明,10~20 cm土层(H'=2.69,D=0.073)和20~30 cm土层(H'=2.47,D=0.093)产甲烷古菌的多样性明显高于0~10 cm土层(H'=1.60,D=0.292).     

生草果园土壤微生物群落的碳源利用特征

传统的清耕果园土壤肥力持续下降,而果园生草作为一种新兴的果园管理模式,对改善果园土壤状况具有重要的作用.本试验利用Biolog微平板技术,对苹果园清耕、苹果∕白三叶间作、苹果∕小冠花间作、苹果/鸡脚草间作这4种管理模式下土壤微生物群落功能多样性进行了研究,探讨了果园不同生草条件下土壤微生物群落的碳源利用特征,为揭示生草果园土壤生态学过程的驱动机制提供参考.结果表明,不同处理的微生物群落功能多样性差异显著,总体趋势为白三叶小冠花鸡脚草清耕.相关性分析表明,4个处理土壤微生物的平均颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)、Shannon指数、丰富度指数、Mc Intosh指数与土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳呈极显著正相关,Shannon指数与p H呈显著正相关.主成分分析与碳代谢图谱分析表明:生草处理提高了土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力,其中豆科牧草白三叶与小冠花土壤微生物对糖类(N-乙酰-D-葡萄糖胺、D-甘露醇、β-甲基-D-葡萄糖苷)、氨基酸类(甘氨酰-L-谷氨酸、L-丝氨酸、L-苏氨酸)、多聚物类(吐温40、肝糖)的利用代谢能力显著高于清耕处理.可见,生草处理与清耕处理土壤微生物群落形成了各自独特的群落结构与特点.     

镇江市环境结构对鸟类群落的影响研究

文章选取镇江市作为典型城市,就空间异质性和面积这两个环境结构因素对鸟类的影响进行了调查研究。结果表明：面积对物种数存在一定影响,这种影响在空间异质性较高时较为明显,面积对物种多样性和均匀度无显著影响;环境多样性与自然度的作用是相互独立的,而自然度的影响比环境多样性更为显著,均匀度与环境多样性存在着较显著的负相关;以鸟类为代表的野生动物与环境关系密切,城市环境的改善不仅有利于保护鸟类资源,而且更重要的是改善城市人们的生活环境。     

黄龙钙华水体藻多样性及分布规律研究

对黄龙钙华水体藻种类、分布规律及多样性进行了研究,共鉴定出23属53种淡水藻类,分属5门。黄龙钙华水体藻类以硅藻占绝对优势,绿藻、黄藻门、蓝藻门次之,裸藻门、金藻门最少。从季节交替变化来看,春季小球藻最多,夏秋季节硅藻最多;从分布规律来看,夏季以海拔最高的泉眼处藻类最多,沿海拔降低藻类数量递减;秋季以钙华滩流群处藻类最盛。多样性分析结果表明,黄龙水体钙华藻类的物种丰富度指数dmar在0.083⁰.667之间,多样性指数H在0.1910.667之间,多样性指数H在0.191¹.99之间,均匀度e在0.2761.99之间,均匀度e在0.276¹.000之间。结果表明黄龙钙华水体藻类受到季节、温度、水量等环境因数和海拔、钙华滩、彩池等地理因素影响表现出现种群的周期演替。     

A/O MBR处理生活污水效率与菌群多样性的关系

采用缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器（A/O MBR）工艺处理生活污水,试运行了5种不同的工况以确定最佳工艺参数,利用变性凝胶梯度电泳（DGGE）技术研究缺氧池和好氧池（MBR）中细菌群落结构,分析出水水质与细菌种群多样性的关系.结果表明A/O MBR在水力停留时间（HRT）为12 h,污泥停留时间（SRT）为10 d,硝化液回流比为300%,污泥回流比为100%的条件下,对COD、氨氮、总氮有稳定良好的去除,平均去除率分别为96.4%、99.1%、75.8%;系统运行过程中,缺氧池和好氧池中菌群结构发生较大变化,同一工况下两池菌群的相似性通常大于50%,但缺氧池菌群多样性随工况变换而波动较大,好氧池菌群多样性随运行时间而逐渐丰富;缺氧池菌群多样性指数与反硝化效率成正相关关系.     

Genotypic, size and morphological diversity of virioplankton in a deep oligomesotrophic freshwater lake (Lac Pavin, France)

We examined changes in morphological and genomic diversities of viruses by means of transmission electronic microscopy and pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) over a nine-month period(April–December 2005) at four different depths in the oligomesotrophic Lac Pavin. We found that the majority of viruses in this lake belonged to the family of Siphoviridae or were untailed, with capsid sizes ranging from 30 to 60 nm, and exhibited genome sizes ranging from 15 to 45 kb. On average, 12 different genotypes dominated each of the PFGE fingerprints. The highest genomic viral richness was recorded in summer(mean = 14 bands per PFGE fingerprint) and in the epilimnion(mean = 13 bands per PFGE fingerprint). Among the physico-chemical and biological variables considered, the availability of the hosts appeared to be the main factor regulating the variations in the viral diversity.     

SBR反应器厌氧氨氧化系统启动过程中细菌群落结构的变化

以白洋淀岸边带沉积物为接种污泥,启动了SBR厌氧氨氧化反应器.对反应器启动过程中的进出水水质进行了连续监测,并采用PCRDGGE、定量PCR和基因测序等分子生物学技术研究了系统内总细菌和厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)细菌群落结构随培养时间的变化规律.结果表明:在启动过程中,总微生物菌群动态变化水平为26.6%~50.5%;微生物多样性先变小后增大,优势菌种得到重新分布;ANAMMOX细菌的群落结构变得单一化,最后系统的优势ANAMMOX细菌是Brocadia属.富集培养阶段SBR系统中ANAMMOX细菌的最大生物量达到了1.73×109copies·g~(-1)干污泥,而且总氮的去除率最高达到约82%.