不同黑臭程度下城市河道浮游植物群落结构、多样性和功能群

浮游植物群落特征、多样性和功能群分析可以反映水体环境质量状态.为探究城市河道黑臭对浮游植物群落的影响,2020年11月至2021年3月,以四川盆地内16条城市河道,38个采样点水环境质量调查数据为基础,基于改进的模糊综合评价模型法和k-均值主颜色提取法评价城市河道黑臭程度,将河道划分为不黑不臭型、只黑不臭型、只臭不黑型和又黑又臭型这4种河道类型,在此基础上对不同黑臭类型河道的浮游植物群落结构、多样性和功能群进行分析.结果表明,城市河道从不黑不臭型至又黑又臭型,浮游植物丰度从1.329×10⁵ cells ·L^-1升至6.627×10⁵ cells ·L^-1,组成由蓝藻-绿藻-硅藻型变化为蓝藻型;浮游植物生物量从64.056 μg ·L^-1升至120.465 μg ·L^-1,组成由适应营养盐环境的绿藻-硅藻型转变为适宜有机物环境的甲藻-硅藻-裸藻型;Shannon-Weaver多样性指数从2.45下降到1.98,Simpson指数从0.84下降到0.73.研究区域浮游植物共29个功能群,随着水质黑臭化,生长策略由S、R、C、CR和CS型组成,减少为以R型为主.综上,浮游植物指标能较好地反映河道黑臭状态,在城市河道黑臭管理中,浮游植物监测是具有前景的手段和方法.     

海水养殖尾水直排对河道沉积物细菌群落的影响

海水养殖活动对周边水域沉积物生态环境的影响日益受到关注,微生物群落是反映环境质量变化的一个重要指标.本研究采集了养殖区进出水河道4个位点(1个进水渠位点、出水口和2个出水渠位点)的沉积物,通过Illumina MiSeq测序技术测定细菌16S rRNA基因,利用磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)技术对沉积物中的微生物群落进行半定量分析,研究海水养殖尾水直接排放对河道沉积物细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,4个位点中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势细菌类型,主要包括γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、δ-变形菌纲(δ-Proteobacteria)和α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria).受养殖尾水排放影响,沉积物微生物生物量明显升高,放线菌门相对丰度降低而拟杆菌门相对丰度升高,氨氧化微生物相对丰度降低.非度量多维尺度(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)分析表明大部分沉积物细菌群落按位点聚类.多样性分析表明,未受养殖尾水影响的沉积物细菌群落多样性高于受养殖尾水影响的位点.冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明氨氮与底泥沉积物细菌群落结构的相关性最大,对细菌群落的影响最明显.综上,养殖废水直排明显改变了养殖场河道沉积物物理化学性质和细菌群落结构,说明养殖废水的长期直排已严重污染河道环境,并可能会进一步对近海生态环境造成威胁.     

菌渣与化肥配施对稻田土壤微生物群落组成及多样性的影响

菌渣是一种独特而丰富的有机物料,与化肥配施不仅能改良土壤质量还可以调控微生物群落.然而,土壤细菌和真菌对菌渣与化肥配施的响应是否一致仍不清楚.在水稻田间长期定位试验条件下,设置化肥水平(C)0%、 50%和100%,菌渣相对用量(F)0%、 50%和100%各3个水平,共9个处理,对土壤肥力与微生物群落的相关指标进行测定.结果表明,土壤全氮(TN)在C₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,碳氮比(C/N)、全磷(TP)、可溶性碳(DOC)和有效磷(AP)在C₁₀₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,土壤有机碳(SOC)、碱解氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)和pH在C₅₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,较对照分别增加了55.56%、 26.18%、 26.46%、 17.13%、 279.54%、 85.57%、 41.61%、 29.33%和4.62%.菌渣与化肥配施后,不同处理土壤细菌和真菌α-多样性存在显著变化,与对照C₀F₀处理相比较,各处理细菌β-多样性...     

2012~2019年天津市公交站微环境空气质量改善

于2012年9月、2014年3月、2015年6月和2019年6月在天津市八里台公交站采集环境空气样品,分析该微环境中大气可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）污染的整体改善趋势以及PM₁₀中碳组分、水溶性离子组分以及元素组分的特征和4次采样之间的差异.结果表明,4次采样的PM₁₀浓度分别为281,217,188,78μg/m³,呈明显下降趋势.其中水溶性离子组分和元素组分浓度逐年降低,但其占比变化不大（平均浓度占比分别为22%和39%）,4次采样的二次离子SNA（即SO₄^2-,NO₃^-和NH₄⁺）占PM₁₀比例分别为11%,9%,9%,17%;总碳质量浓度逐年降低,碳组分在PM₁₀中所占的比例呈波动上升的趋势（从18%上升至32%,平均为25%）,根据估算结果,4次采样的二次有机碳（SOC）占PM₁₀比例分别为4%,9%,9%,13%.研究显示,天津市交通微环境空气质量改善效果显著,但二次组分（SNA和SOC）在PM₁₀中占比呈上升趋势,需进一步加强二次污染的控制.     

黑龙江省穆棱河流域鱼类物种多样性研究

2015年5月、7月及10月对穆棱河流域的鱼类种类和分布进行了野外调查,设置鱼类采样点28个.确定穆棱河水域共有鱼类46种,隶属于5目11科,其中鲤形目,有31种,占鱼类总种数的68.89%;其次是鲑形目,含有5种;鲶形目和鲈形目均含4种;而七鳃鳗目仅含一种.穆棱河流域的全年平均综合污染指数、鱼类物种多样性指数Shannon-Wiener、Pielou均匀度指数及Margalef丰富度指数分别为I=1.10、H'=1.97、J'=0.36、D=1.16.穆棱河水质全年整体呈现中污或重污.典范对应分析结果表明,三个季节影响鱼类物种的水环境因子各不相同,春季pH值、COD_Mn、DO、Fe³⁺、TN、ORP;夏季Fe³⁺、ORP、TN、pH值、TD;秋季WT、NO₂^--N、COND、NO₃^--N.     

衬砌对河道底泥细菌群落同质化的影响

以高度人工化的再生水补给河道—北运河京津冀流域为研究区,对具有不同河道生境类型的上游与中下游底泥中的细菌群落多样性、组成及环境选择模式进行对比分析.结果表明：中下游河道衬砌工程促进底泥生境特征同质化,进而导致中下游底泥细菌群落同质化.上游细菌群落空间周转率（0.0002）相比较,中下游群落具有较低的空间周转率（0.00002）,并在排序图上呈现更紧凑的分布特点.与上游自然生境条件下的群落组成相比较,由于衬砌条件下非优势组分的片段类型多样性较高,优势组分的片段类型多样性及相对丰度较低,最终使得同质化群落表现为较低的丰富度.RDA模型（P=0.002）分析表明,衬砌和TP是影响细菌群落空间变化的主导环境因素,而大环内酯类和四环素类抗生素则对群落结构类内变异起作用.纤维杆菌门（Fibrobacteres）、纤细菌门（Gracilibacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、Acetothermia的片段类型多样性和费希尔菌门（Fischerbacteria）、Kiritimatiellaeota、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）的相对丰度均与衬砌高度相关.     

Distribution pattern of traditional ecological knowledge on plant utilization among major minority peoples in Guizhou,China

In this study, the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) on non-cultivated plant utilization by the Miao and Buyi people in Guizhou, China, was investigated using semi-structured interviews and the joint plant and use (JPU) was used as an index of TEK. In addition, the regional TEK distribution patterns were depicted. The results showed that low-frequency JPUs accounted for a large proportion of the total TEK on non-cultivated plant utilization, implying a possible TEK loss. The TEK distribution pattern is similar to the 80/20 rule, indicating that most TEK is mastered by key informants who are important for regional TEK protection and inheritance. Different informants have different JPU amounts and diversities with specific relationships, and for the characteristic ethnic TEK, medicinal JPUs generally have a low frequency, while symbolic JPUs have a higher frequency. The results could provide references for regional sustainable development and biocultural diversity management.     

Importance of timely metadata curation to the global surveillance of genetic diversity

Genetic diversity within species represents a fundamental yet underappreciated level of biodiversity. Because genetic diversity can indicate species resilience to changing climate, its measurement is relevant to many national and global conservation policy targets. Many studies produce large amounts of genome-scale genetic diversity data for wild populations, but most (87%) do not include the associated spatial and temporal metadata necessary for them to be reused in monitoring programs or for acknowledging the sovereignty of nations or Indigenous peoples. We undertook a distributed datathon to quantify the availability of these missing metadata and to test the hypothesis that their availability decays with time. We also worked to remediate missing metadata by extracting them from associated published papers, online repositories, and direct communication with authors. Starting with 848 candidate genomic data sets (reduced representation and whole genome) from the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, we determined that 561 contained mostly samples from wild populations. We successfully restored spatiotemporal metadata for 78% of these 561 data sets (n = 440 data sets with data on 45,105 individuals from 762 species in 17 phyla). Examining papers and online repositories was much more fruitful than contacting 351 authors, who replied to our email requests 45% of the time. Overall, 23% of our email queries to authors unearthed useful metadata. The probability of retrieving spatiotemporal metadata declined significantly as age of the data set increased. There was a 13.5% yearly decrease in metadata associated with published papers or online repositories and up to a 22% yearly decrease in metadata that were only available from authors. This rapid decay in metadata availability, mirrored in studies of other types of biological data, should motivate swift updates to data-sharing policies and researcher practices to ensure that the valuable context provided by metadata is not lost to conservation science forever.     

Linkages between measures of biodiversity and community resilience in Pacific Island agroforests

Designing agroecosystems that are compatible with the conservation of biodiversity is a top conservation priority. However, the social variables that drive native biodiversity conservation in these systems are poorly understood. We devised a new approach to identify social–ecological linkages that affect conservation outcomes in agroecosystems and in social‐ecological systems more broadly. We focused on coastal agroforests in Fiji, which, like agroforests across other small Pacific Islands, are critical to food security, contain much of the country's remaining lowland forests, and have rapidly declining levels of native biodiversity. We tested the relationships among social variables and native tree species richness in agroforests with structural equation models. The models were built with data from ecological and social surveys in 100 agroforests and associated households. The agroforests hosted 95 native tree species of which almost one‐third were endemic. Fifty‐eight percent of farms had at least one species considered threatened at the national or international level. The best‐fit structural equation model (R² = 47.8%) showed that social variables important for community resilience—local ecological knowledge, social network connectivity, and livelihood diversity—had direct and indirect positive effects on native tree species richness. Cash‐crop intensification, a driver of biodiversity loss elsewhere, did not negatively affect native tree richness within parcels. Joining efforts to build community resilience, specifically by increasing livelihood diversity, local ecological knowledge, and social network connectivity, may help conservation agencies conserve the rapidly declining biodiversity in the region.     

Simulating Retention of Rare Alleles in Small Populations to Assess Management Options for Species with Different Life Histories

Preserving allelic diversity is important because it provides the capacity for adaptation and thus enables long‐term population viability. Allele retention is difficult to predict in animals with overlapping generations, so we used a new computer model to simulate retention of rare alleles in small populations of 3 species with contrasting life‐history traits: North Island Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli; monogamous, long‐lived), North Island Robins (Petroica longipes; monogamous, short‐lived), and red deer (Cervus elaphus; polygynous, moderate lifespan). We simulated closed populations under various demographic scenarios and assessed the amounts of artificial immigration needed to achieve a goal of retaining 90% of selectively neutral rare alleles (frequency in the source population = 0.05) after 10 generations. The number of immigrants per generation required to meet the genetic goal ranged from 11 to 30, and there were key similarities and differences among species. None of the species met the genetic goal without immigration, and red deer lost the most allelic diversity due to reproductive skew among polygynous males. However, red deer required only a moderate rate of immigration relative to the other species to meet the genetic goal because nonterritorial breeders had a high turnover. Conversely, North Island Brown Kiwi needed the most immigration because the long lifespan of locally produced territorial breeders prevented a large proportion of immigrants from recruiting. In all species, the amount of immigration needed generally decreased with an increase in carrying capacity, survival, or reproductive output and increased as individual variation in reproductive success increased, indicating the importance of accurately quantifying these parameters to predict the effects of management. Overall, retaining rare alleles in a small, isolated population requires substantial investment of management effort. Use of simulations to explore strategies optimized for the populations in question will help maximize the value of this effort. Simulación de la Retención de Alelos Raros en Poblaciones Pequeñas para Evaluar Opciones de Manejo para Especies con Historias de Vida Diferentes