稻田生物多样性构建的生态效应

农业集约化生产方式加速了农业生态系统单一化的进程,导致系统平衡破坏,病、虫、草害频发。在以农业生态环境改善和修复为手段的农业可持续生产和发展的模式中,以农作物多样性的合理布局来提高农业生物多样性水平和控制病、虫、草害的实践,显示出其强大的生命力,即将不同物种的作物或同一作物的不同品种按一定的组合方式和栽种模式进行合理的间栽和套作,将病、虫、草害的发生控制在可以承受的范围内。构建水生动物、水生植物与水稻共存的稻作系统,利用物种多样性、遗传多样性控制有害生物,是农业可持续发展的重要途径。本文综述了国内外稻田物种多样性、遗传多样性利用模式的研究进展,论述了稻田物种多样性、遗传多样性对稻作生态系统的改善,特别是水稻病、虫、草的控制效果及作用机理。     

海南岛吊罗山植物群落特征和物种多样性分析

根据吊罗山自然保护区不同海拔6个植物群落的样方资料,分析了吊罗山植物群落结构特征和物种多样性,同时比较了吊罗山植物群落与邻近地区植物群落的组成特征。研究结果表明吊罗山低地雨林乔木层以蝴蝶树、青梅、高山榕、粘木、长脐红豆、海南柿、肉实树和海南木莲为主,灌木层以白颜树、白茶、柏拉木和九节为主;山地雨林以陆均松、鸡毛松、黄叶树、阿丁枫、扫把青冈和海南杨桐为优势种;山顶常绿矮林则以山地常绿阔叶林陆均松、琼崖柯、岭南青冈和油丹等种类的矮化为特征。植物群落Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数分析表明,吊罗山植物群落物种多样性在空间的变化基本上表现为随海拔梯度增加而降低,次生林物种多样性最低,山地雨林和山顶矮林物种均匀度指数最高,群落优势种明显。     

艾比湖湿地植物群落变化对盐分环境梯度的响应

土壤盐分是影响干旱区荒漠植物群落动态的决定因素之一。基于2012年5月和10月在艾比湿地调查的植物样方和实验得出的土壤表层盐分数据,利用聚类分析方法将39个土壤表层盐分数据划分为3个盐分梯度0.03%~0.73%（S1）、0.81%~1.73%（S2）和2.40%~3.12%（S3）,分析艾比湖湿地植物群落植物多样性变化对土壤盐分环境梯度的响应。结果表明,（1）距湖15 km和距湖5 km采样点大部分处于第1个盐分梯度,属于轻度盐渍化;鸟岛、博河、鸭子湾、奎屯河、和距湖10 km处均处于第2个盐分梯度,盐渍化程度达到中-重度;湖边采样点,在3个盐分梯度各有分布。（2）3个盐分梯度上的主要植被类型不同：S1以梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）、白刺（Nitraria tangutorum Bobr）为主,并且出现的植被种类较多（37种）;S2以柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）、盐节木（Haloenemum strobilaceum）为主,出现的植被种类相对较少（11种）;S3以盐节木（Haloenemum strobilaceum）、盐角草（Salicornia europaea）、芦苇（Phragmites australis）为主,出现的植被种类较少（7种）,随土壤盐含量的升高,植被种类减少、群落生活型结构有所改变,草本比例减少,灌木和乔木比例有所增加。（3）植物Simposon指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数在中盐梯度下达到最大,最大值分别为0.84、2.28、3.82。（4）Pielow 指数则是随着盐分梯度的上升呈下降趋势,在低盐梯度下达到最大值,最大值为1.26。（5）多样性指数在S3梯度下整体显著降低,即土壤盐分含量为2.40%~3.12%时对艾比湖湿地植物多样性的影响较大。     

哀牢山西坡主要植被类型的特征与物种组成

研究了云南哀牢山西坡主要植被类型的物种组成和群落生态特征,结果如下: 1)物种多样性在低山季风常阔叶林中最高; 2)乔木径级在中山湿性常绿阔叶林中最大,而乔木密度则在山顶苔藓矮林最大; 3)当取样面积达1 500m2后,各植被类型物种增加速度变得缓和. 图 4表 3参 32     

紫云英根瘤分离菌株质粒多样性的研究

从广东、广西、湖南、湖北、江西、浙江、江苏７省紫云英（ＡｓｔｒａｇａｌｕｓｓｉｎｉｃｕｓＬ．）主要分布区４６个采集点的紫云英根瘤中分离到１０１个菌株．检测发现有１６种不同质粒类型,所含质粒１～４个不等,含两个质粒的菌株占绝大部分,质粒Ｍｒ为３６×１０６～３６４×１０６．用克隆Ｍ．ｈｕａｋｕｉ７６５３Ｒ的ｎｏｄＤＢＣ４．２ｋｂ片段为探针（α３２ｐｄＣＴＰ）进行的分子杂交结果表明,所有这些菌株均含有共生质粒,通常为第一大质粒,但Ｃ、Ｌ、Ｍ、Ｎ和Ｏ型为第二大质粒,共生质粒Ｍｒ在１３１×１０６～３６４×１０６之间．比较质粒类型与１６Ｓ２３ＳｒＤＮＡＩＧＳ（ｐＨｒ,ｐ２３ＳＲ０１）ＰＣＲＲＦＬＰ分析结果表明,ＩＧＳ类型不同,即使在同一植株分离所得的根瘤其质粒类型常不同,但在同一植株上分离菌株的质粒类型相同,则其ＩＧＳ常表现相同．表明质粒的类型是细菌染色体背景和细菌外环境（如共生条件等）共同作用的结果     

高寒草甸植物群落谱系结构与多样性格局

为了解青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落谱系结构及物种多样性在海拔梯度上的变化,以甘南藏族自治州的高寒草甸植物群落为对象,选取五个不同海拔的研究样地,进行野外群落学调查及环境因子的测量,计算净亲缘指数(net relatedness index,NRI)和最近亲缘指数(nearest taxon index,NTI)等,探讨了群...     

太湖不同湖区真核微型浮游生物基因多样性的研究

用DGGE(denatured gradient gel electrophoresis)和构建18S rDNA克隆文库2种方法对太湖不同湖区的真核微型浮游生物(0.8～20μm)多样性及组成结构进行了研究.DGGE结果表明,不同湖区真核微型浮游生物的DGGE指纹图谱存在明显差异,其中营养水平较低的东太湖和贡湖DGGE条带数最多,分别为23和24,香农多样性指数分别为3.135和3.178,而营养水平较高的梅梁湾和五里湖最少,均为18,香农多样性指数为2.890,表明营养水平较低湖区的多样性高于营养水平较高的湖区.克隆测序结果表明太湖中真核微型浮游生物种类车富,占优势的主要是一些鞭毛藻、异养鞭毛虫、纤毛虫和真菌,而营养水平不同的梅梁湾、湖心、东太湖中真核微型浮游生物组成明显不同.在营养水平较高的梅梁湾,28.6%的OUT(operational taxonomicunit)属于异养鞭毛虫,另外隐藻、金藻分别占22.9%和14.3%;在湖心,金藻的比例最大,占25.7%,另外比较多的是异养鞭毛虫和隐藻,分别为20.0%和14.3%;而营养水平较低的东太湖各类纤毛虫所占比份最大,为26.8%,异养鞭毛虫较少,仅占4.9%,另外真菌含量较高,占12.2%.     

Identifying taxonomic and functional surrogates for spring biodiversity conservation

Surrogate approaches are widely used to estimate overall taxonomic diversity for conservation planning. Surrogate taxa are frequently selected based on rarity or charisma, whereas selection through statistical modeling has been applied rarely. We used boosted‐regression‐tree models (BRT) fitted to biological data from 165 springs to identify bryophyte and invertebrate surrogates for taxonomic and functional diversity of boreal springs. We focused on these 2 groups because they are well known and abundant in most boreal springs. The best indicators of taxonomic versus functional diversity differed. The bryophyte Bryum weigelii and the chironomid larva Paratrichocladius skirwithensis best indicated taxonomic diversity, whereas the isopod Asellus aquaticus and the chironomid Macropelopia spp. were the best surrogates of functional diversity. In a scoring algorithm for priority‐site selection, taxonomic surrogates performed only slightly better than random selection for all spring‐dwelling taxa, but they were very effective in representing spring specialists, providing a distinct improvement over random solutions. However, the surrogates for taxonomic diversity represented functional diversity poorly and vice versa. When combined with cross‐taxon complementarity analyses, surrogate selection based on statistical modeling provides a promising approach for identifying groundwater‐dependent ecosystems of special conservation value, a key requirement of the EU Water Framework Directive.     

A meta‐analytic evaluation of diversity training outcomes

The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to use theory and research on diversity, attitudes, and training to examine potential differential effects on affective‐based, cognitive‐based, and skill‐based outcomes, to examine potential moderators of those effects with a focus on affective‐based outcomes, and finally, to provide quantitative estimates of these posited relationships. Results from 65 studies (N = 8465) revealed sizable effects on affective‐based, cognitive‐based, and skill‐based outcomes as well as interesting boundary conditions for these effects on affective‐based outcomes. This study provides practical value to human resources managers and trainers wishing to implement diversity training within organizations as well as interesting theoretical advances for researchers. Practitioners have quantitative evidence that diversity training changes affective‐based, cognitive‐based, and skill‐based trainee outcomes. This study also supports and addresses future research needs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessing biological variation from the perspective of diversity

Particularly in ecological and evolutionary genetics, methods of discerning complex traits are improving at a considerable rate. As a consequence, the resolution of intrinsically qualitative traits such as species affiliation or genetic type is increasing to degrees that blur their distinction from continuously varying characteristics. The common notion of diversity, however, relies on distinct features such as the states of qualitative traits, and it aims to assess variation as a counting of these features or types. This situation brings up the question of whether and how the diversity perspective of variation can be broadened to cover higher levels of complexity without sacrificing its concept. The present paper suggests two approaches that refer to established criteria for measures of diversity and that complement each other. The partitions approach treats complexity through general measures of difference between trait states, and the relations approach rests on general binary relations that capture structural aspects of diversity. Both approaches are shown to consistently imply effective numbers of types even in cases where distinct types are not explicitly specified. Practically all of the common methods of measuring diversity can be classified into either of the two approaches, and new opportunities for analyses of the diversity of complex traits are provided. The latter analyses include those of diversity in subdivided collections. Other perspectives of variation (such as dispersion, variances, etc.) are discussed and analyzed for their distinction from the diversity perspective. In many cases, the distinction can be made apparent with the help of diversity portraits.