Parameters of Ecological Space and Floristic Diversity of Forest Formations in the Northeast of European Russia

The results of studies on transformations of the floristic diversity of forest ecosystems under the effect of human activity in the southern and middle taiga subzones of the Komi Republic are reviewed. It is shown that the change of dominants in the tree layer leads to the formation of specific biotopes and, as a consequence, to changes in floristic complexes and the cenotic roles of species in the lower layers of forest communities. In the study region, the -diversity of forest communities is determined mainly by two environmental factors: soil fertility and acidity. The factor of illumination has only a slight effect on the -diversity of taiga forests, which is especially clear in the group of deciduous forest formations.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 180–185.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Degteva.     

Response of lithophilic zoobenthos to changes in the granulometric composition of grounds in the metarithral zone of a small river in the foothills of southwestern kamchatka

Data on the species composition, abundance, and biomass of macrozoobenthos in the rapids of a small river flowing in the foothills of the southwestern Kamchatka Peninsula are considered along with the results of quantitative analysis of structural rearrangements in the lithophilic community under the effects of changes in the granulometric composition of bottom sediments. Groups of lithophilic and pelophilic invertebrates typical of the metarithral of such rivers (e.g., chironomids of subfamilies Diamesinae and Prodiamesinae) are identified.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 120–125.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Leman, Chebanova.     

Investigation of the phylogenetic relationships between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diuris fragrantissima</Emphasis> and its closest relatives using AFLPs

This study investigated the genetic relationships between the rare terrestrial orchid Diuris fragrantissima and three closely related purple flowered species using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms. The purple-flowered species were found to form individual phenetic clusters confirming recognition of D. fragrantissima at the rank of species. Levels of genetic variation were lower within D. fragrantissima than within its closest relatives but were higher than expected for severely bottlenecked species. Gene flow was detected among all species (Nm = 2.34) and populations (Nm = 0.65) however low among population gene flow indicates that populations may be at risk of divergence. This study has implications for the conservation of D. fragrantissima.     

生物多样性保护与可持续发展

本文就生物多样性保护的重要性进行了论述，并介绍了我国生物多样性特点，强调了生物多样性保护的迫切性，阐明了生物多样性对可持续发展的重要性。     

多元文化资源整合与区域文化旅游创新发展——以云南丽江为例

以云南丽江为例，指出类似丽江的诸多西部多民族交错聚居区在文化旅游二次创业过程中突出自身区域主体民族文化特色的同时，必须要重视非主体民族文化资源的保护与开发，让各民族社区参与能力的塑造和培育都能在旅游开发中得到协调发展。这既是文化多样性对区域文化旅游资源整合重构的内在发展要求，也是区域旅游在二次创业中发挥扩散效应的重要导向。     

建设用地集约利用空间差异研究

土地的集约利用对社会发展具有重要的意义，研究土地集约利用空间差异可以更有效地提高土地利用水平。根据新一轮土地利用规划大纲要求和各区域土地利用实际，建立土地集约利用评价指标体系，确定土地集约利用评价的计算方法，包括数据的量化、标准化及综合计算模型，最后得出各地区土地集约利用程度。运用上述方法对孝感市建设用地集约利用空间差异进行分析，找出了其土地利用方面的问题和优势，为下一步改造提供依据和方向。     

贵州山区珍稀观赏植物物种多样性濒危现状及保护

贵州山区是我国一个植物多样性较丰富的地区,仅野生观赏植物(含园林及行道绿化,美化树种)就有300多种,其中120多种属珍稀受危观赏物种。文章着重对36种主要珍稀濒危观赏植物的分布、生境、濒危类型、程度等进行了分析,并从观赏植物本身的生理生态习性、贵州山区生境本底的严酷性(土壤瘠薄,可有效利用的地表水匮乏等)、人类不合理干扰活动(如过渡采收、毁林垦荒等)方面探讨了该地区观赏植物多样性的受危原因。在此基础上,结合目前西部大开发中生态建设的要求,提出了该地区受危观赏植物的保护对策。     

ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF STREAMS: DIVERSITY AND SAMPLE SIZE1

ABSTRACT: Brillouin's equation (H) for species diversity from information theory is to be preferred for the purposes of applied ecology over the equation of Shannon (H′) or the more commonly used approximate equation (H″). By its use, the difficult problem of delimiting the extent of the community being sampled in a stream survey can be avoided. Moreover, Brillouin's equation gives the exact diversity of the fully censused collection, whreas Shannon's diversity can only be approximated with a biased estimator. If we regard a sample as a message from the environment to the ecologist, Brillouin's equation is the proper one for computing its diversity. The product moment correlation coefficient between Brillouin's H for the total number of individuals from a group of samples and for randomly chosen subsets of 100 individuals from each sample was nearly as high as the correlation between H and H″ based on the total samples. This indicates that small sample sizes may give a useful diversity index. Replicated subsamples show that much smaller samples than are normally used can discriminate between communities from polluted and unpolluted environments. The use of smaller samples should reduce the cost of stream surveys.     

LONGITUDINAL SUCCESSION IN IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF RIVER SYSTEM FISH COMMUNITIES1

ABSTRACT: Longitudinal succession indicates that diversity and species richiess of fish communities increases with increasing river size (increasing habitat complexity and environmental stability). Cultural impacts tend to decrease diversity, species richness, and evenness. To assess the impacts of cultural events on the fish community of a river system, the bias caused by longitudinal succession was removed by normalizing diversity indices and species richness values for river size. The relationships between an impact index and the community parameters of evenness, normalized diversity, and normalized species richness were determined by regression analysis. Similar relationships were determined using nonnormalized data, and the results compared. The two sets of regressions were similar in terms of variance explained. Evenness, which is unaffected by longitudinal sucession, appears to be the most impact sensitive parameter. A major source of error and confusion rsults from introduced species which are simultaneously sources of biological impact and a component of the community. Numbers of introduced species tend to increase with both impact and river size.     

Natural history of crop-related wild species: Uses in pest habitat management

The natural histories of crop-related wild species in their native habitats can be used to develop novel pest management strategies. Traditionally, such information has provided insights for biological control, plant breeding, crop management, and applied ecology Further insights can be garnered.