Carbendazim induces a temporary change in soil bacterial community structure

The effect of carbendazim applications on the diversity and structure of a soil bacterial community was studied under field conditions using temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) and partial sequence analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene. After four successive introductions of carbendazim at a level of 0.94 kg active ingredient (a.i.)/ha, the genetic diversity (expressed as Shannon index, H0) decreased from 1.43 in the control to 1.29 in treated soil. This harmful e ect seems to increase with the concentration of carbendazim. The value of H0 in the soil treated with carbendazim at 4.70 kg a.i./ha was reduced to 1.05 (P 6 0.05). The structure of soil bacterial community was also a ected after four repeated applications of carbendazim at levels of 0.94, 1.88 and 4.70 kg a.i./ha, as seen in the relative intensities of the individual band. However, the bacterial community in carbendazim-treated soil recovered to that in the control 360 d after the first treatment. The results indicated that repeated applications of carbendazim could reduce soil microbial diversity and alter the bacterial community structure temporarily.     

Dynamic changes in microbial activity and community structure during biodegradation of petroleum compounds： A laboratory experiment

With 110-d incubation experiment in laboratory,the responses of microbial quantity,soil enzymatic activity,and bacterial community structure to different amounts of diesel fuel amendments were studied to reveal whether certain biological and biochemical characteristics could serve as reliable indicators of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in meadow-brown soil,and use these indicators to evaluate the actual ecological impacts of 50-year petroleum-refining wastewater irrigation on soil function in Sbenfu irrigation area.Results showed that amendments of≤1000 mg/kg diesel fuel stimulated the growth of aerobic beterotrophic bacteria,and increased the activity of soil dehydrogenase,hydrogenperoxidase,polypbenol oxidase and substrate-induced respiration.Soil bacterial diversity decreased slightly during the first 15 d of incubation and recovered to the control level on day 30.The significant decrease of the colony forming units of soil actinomyces and filamentous fungi can be taken as the sensitive biological indicators of petroleum contamination when soil was amended with≥5000 mg/kg diesel fuel.The sharp decrease in urease activity was recommended as the most sensitive biochemical indicator of heavy diesel fuel contamination.The shifts in community structure to a community documented by Sphingomonadaceae withinα-subgroup of Proteobacteria could be served as a sensitive and precise indicator of diesel fuel contamination.Based on the results described in this paper,the soil function in Shenfu irrigation area was disturbed to some extent.     

利用PCR-DGGE分析未开发油气田地表微生物群落结构

利用PCR-DGGE和克隆测序技术,分别对未开发油田、气田和非油气田对照区域,地表30、60、100、150、200 cm深度的土壤微生物分布进行研究,目的在于了解未开发油气田区域土壤微生物的分布特征,寻找潜在的油气资源指示菌.结果表明,不同深度土壤样品间的菌群相似度很低(26～69.9).在150 cm和200 cm处,DGGE图谱具有更好的丰富度(≥19)、多样性(≥2.69)和均匀度(≥0.90).油田区域富含γ-Proteobacteria(75%),此外还包括α-Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Acidobacteria,其相似菌株主要为石油相关菌和烃降解菌,如食烷菌、噬甲基菌.气田含有α、β、γ、δ-Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes,γ-Proteobacteria含量较小(24%),所获16S rDNA条带相似菌株大多不具有烃降解能力,部分具有甲烷相关性,如甲基孢囊菌.在此类研究中,150 cm、200 cm更适于作为统一取样深度进行大范围取样调查;甲基孢囊菌可用来作为潜在的气田指示菌,食烷菌和噬甲基菌可作为潜在的油田指示菌,但仍需进一步地大范围取样验证.     

铜尾矿白羊草叶际和根际细菌群落特征

植物叶际、根际微生物及其生存环境共同形成复杂的生态系统,其中,根际微生物也是土壤物质循环的主要动力,可以为植物的生长发育提供基础.叶际和根际微生物也可作为生态学指标,在矿区生态稳定与生态恢复中具有显著作用.本研究选择铜尾矿优势禾草白羊草为研究对象,采用高通量测序的方法,研究白羊草叶际和根际细菌群落特征,探究影响白羊草叶际和根际微生物群落结构与多样性的关键生态因子.结果表明,白羊草叶际和根际细菌群落结构具有显著差异.其中,白羊草叶际细菌优势属包括假单胞菌属、肠杆菌属和鞘脂单胞菌属,根际细菌优势属为Solrubrobacter和酸杆菌属.白羊草根际细菌群落的香农指数、ACE指数和Chao1指数均显著高于叶际细菌.土壤水分含量、pH、土壤砷和锌含量,白羊草总氮和总硫,及叶片和根内的镉和铬是影响白羊草叶际和根际优势细菌属的主要生态因子.此外,根际细菌群落香农指数与根内铜含量显著负相关,辛普森指数与根的总氮含量显著正相关,叶际细菌群落ACE指数与叶片总硫含量显著正相关.本研究结果可为铜尾矿生态恢复中发掘和利用叶际或根际细菌资源及提高矿区生态修复效率提供科学依据.     

除草剂对水稻土微生物的影响

以阿特拉津、丁草胺和甲磺隆 3种除草剂为例 ,采用熏蒸提取法和BIOLOG碳素利用法研究了土壤中除草剂污染与水稻土微生物之间的关系及其环境意义 .结果表明以 10mg·kg-1含量施入水稻土的甲磺隆在施用初期导致微生物生物量下降 ,随培养时间的推移 ,生物量有所恢复 ;相同浓度的阿特拉津和丁草胺对水稻土微生物生物量影响不明显 .BIOLOG数据显示 ,3种除草剂施用初期 (第 2d)微生物碳源利用多样性变化不明显 ,随着培养时间的增加微生物碳源利用多样性发生变化 ,变化趋势因除草剂类型不同而异 :甲磺隆除草剂污染水稻土微生物碳源利用多样性先有明显降低 ,培养后期呈上升趋势 ;阿特拉津和丁草胺除草剂污染水稻土微生物碳源利用多样性基本不受影响 .     

浑河底泥产甲烷古菌多样性空间分布特征

为了深入探究影响河流甲烷排放的关键因素,采用PCR-RFLP(限制性片段长度多态性聚合酶链反应)技术及测序分析对浑河底泥产甲烷古菌的多样性及空间分布进行了研究.结果表明,浑河底泥产甲烷古菌划分为4大类群:甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)、甲烷微菌目(Methanomirobiales)、甲烷胞菌目(Methanocellales)和甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales).从河流上游到下游,产甲烷古菌的群落结构呈现出空间变异的特征.河流上游占优势的产甲烷古菌菌属为Methanosarcina和Methanospirillum,分别约占46.2%和20.8%;中游主要菌属为Methanosarcina、Methanobacterium和Methanomethylovorans,分别约占40.9%、20.7%和15.2%;下游主要菌属为Methanosarcina和Methanobacterium,分别约占46.7%和22.1%.浑河底泥中Methanosarcina为优势菌属.Shannon指数(H')和Simpson多样性指数(D)计算结果表明,河流上游(H'=1.56,D=0.33)和中游(H'=1.79,D=0.26)产甲烷古菌的多样性与下游(H'=1.65,D=0.32)均较为接近.     

Nitrogen Saturation of Terrestrial Ecosystems: Some Recent Findings and Their Implications for Our Conceptual Framework

The consequences of nitrogen (N) enrichment for terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems are of increasing concern in many areas due to continued or increasing high emission rates of reactive N. Within terrestrial ecosystems various conceptual frameworks and modelling approaches have been developed which have enhanced our understanding of the sequence of changes associated with increased N availability and help us predict their future impacts. Here, some recent findings are described and their implications for these conceptual frameworks and modelling approaches discussed. They are: (a) an early loss of plant species that are characteristic of low N conditions as N availability increases and a loss of species with high N retention efficiencies (so called N ‘filters’), (b) suppression of microbial immobilisation of deposited due to increased availability in the early stages of N saturation, (c) the early onset of leaching due to these changes (a and b above) in both plant and microbial functioning, (d) reduced sensitivity of vegetation to N additions in areas with high historical N deposition, (e) delayed changes in soil C:N changes due to increased net primary productivity and reduced decomposition of soil organic matter. Some suggestions of early indicators of N saturation are suggested (occurrence of mosses; ratio in surface soils) which indicate either a shift in ecosystem function and/or structure.     

广西大明山自然保护区哺乳动物资源调查研究

2000年9月11日至26日,在广西省大明山自然保护区采集哺乳动物81只(种),共计19种,隶属5目,11科.结合以往的调查资料,已知大明山自然保护区有哺乳动物动物60种,隶属8目,22科,47属.保护区内的哺乳动物多样性系数(H”)为2.5555,均匀度指数(J)为O.8679,动物的密度为231.23只/km2.     

植物多样性对土壤微生物的影响

生物多样性强烈地影响生态系统的过程.生态系统过程的变化可导致生物多样性衰减并因此导致生态系统功能衰退.植物种丰度和植物功能多样性对土壤细菌群落的代谢活性和代谢多样性有成正比的影响.土壤细菌的代谢活性和代谢多样性随植物种数量的对数和植物功能组的数量而直线上升.其原因可能是由植被流入土壤的物质和能量的多样性和数量的增加,也可能是由土壤动物区系起作用的土壤微生境的多样性的增加造成的.由于植物多样性的丧失所引起的植物生物量的减少对分解者群落有强烈的影响微生物生物量将可能减少,因为在大多数陆地生态系统中,有机碳源限制着土壤微生物的活性.     

赤泥改良过程中微生物群落及酶活性恢复研究

本研究选用蛭石、粉煤灰为基质改良剂,以园林落叶为改良基质的有机质来源,通过长期取样分析培养基质pH值、EC、CEC等基本理化指标、氮素(NO3--N)含量以及微生物群落功能多样性、群落结构、酶活性等微生物指标的动态变化,来评估赤泥生态修复效果.结果表明,赤泥基质改良处理能显著降低赤泥比重,增加其孔隙率;经近1a的室外培...