水环境中铬的存在形态及迁移转化规律

综合评述了水环境中铬的存在形态、污染特征及其迁移转化规律的研究现状.水体中铬主要是三价和六价,存在形态分为溶解态、离子交换态、有机结合态、无机沉淀态、残留态,迁移转化过程主要是水解、沉淀、络合、吸附和氧化还原等.对铬在水体中迁移和转化过程的动力学模型进行了论述.     

Characterizing the Width of Amphibian Movements During Postbreeding Migration

Habitat linkages can help maintain connectivity of animal populations in developed landscapes. However, the lack of empirical data on the width of lateral movements (i.e., the zigzagging of individuals as they move from one point to point another) makes determining the width of such linkages challenging. We used radiotracking data from wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) and spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) in a managed forest in Maine (U.S.A.) to characterize movement patterns of populations and thus inform planning for the width of wildlife corridors. For each individual, we calculated the polar coordinates of all locations, estimated the vector sum of the polar coordinates, and measured the distance from each location to the vector sum. By fitting a Gaussian distribution over a histogram of these distances, we created a population‐level probability density function and estimated the 50th and 95th percentiles to determine the width of lateral movement as individuals progressed from the pond to upland habitat. For spotted salamanders 50% of lateral movements were ≤13 m wide and 95% of movements were ≤39 m wide. For wood frogs, 50% of lateral movements were ≤17 m wide and 95% of movements were ≤ 51 m wide. For both species, those individuals that traveled the farthest from the pond also displayed the greatest lateral movement. Our results serve as a foundation for spatially explicit conservation planning for pond‐breeding amphibians in areas undergoing development. Our technique can also be applied to movement data from other taxa to aid in designing habitat linkages. Caracterización de la Amplitud de Movimiento de Anfibios durante la Migración Pos‐Reproducción     

Assessing the Effects of Alternative Setback Channel Constraint Scenarios Employing a River Meander Migration Model

River channel migration and cutoff events within large river riparian corridors create heterogeneous and biologically diverse landscapes. However, channel stabilization (riprap and levees) impede the formation and maintenance of riparian areas. These impacts can be mitigated by setting channel constraints away from the channel. Using a meander migration model to measure land affected, we examined the relationship between setback distance and riparian and off-channel aquatic habitat formation on a 28-km reach of the Sacramento River, California, USA. We simulated 100 years of channel migration and cutoff events using 11 setback scenarios: 1 with existing riprap and 10 assuming setback constraints from about 0.5 to 4 bankfull channel widths (bankfull width: 235 m) from the channel. The percentage of land reworked by the river in 100 years relative to current (riprap) conditions ranged from 172% for the 100-m constraint setback scenario to 790% for the 800-m scenario. Three basic patterns occur as the setback distance increases due to different migration and cutoff dynamics: complete restriction of cutoffs, partial restriction of cutoffs, and no restriction of cutoffs. Complete cutoff restriction occurred at distances less than about one bankfull channel width (235 m), and no cutoff restriction occurred at distances greater than about three bankfull widths (∼700 m). Managing for point bars alone allows the setbacks to be narrower than managing for cutoffs and aquatic habitat. Results suggest that site-specific “restriction of cutoff” thresholds can be identified to optimize habitat benefits versus cost of acquired land along rivers affected by migration processes.     

Climate engineering and human rights

ABSTRACT

In this Forum, three scholars discuss how climate engineering will pose novel human rights challenges, and may well force reconsideration of how human rights are applied as a guide to action. Following a short introduction, the first section introduces three competing approaches to human rights, arguing views which emphasize fairness or attempt to maximize satisfaction are more promising than one viewing human rights as inviolable ‘side-constraints’. The second section draws lessons from climate migration that are relevant for climate engineering in terms of incorporating a human rights approach to duties, rights, and participation. The final section compares the ‘needs-based’ and ‘rights-based’ approaches to humanitarian work in the face of climate change and climate engineering, raising concerns for duty-bearers and right-holders. The Forum’s conclusion draws together points of overlap and suggests a path forward for policy and research on this topic.     

Dip-angle influence on areal DNAPL recovery by co-solvent flooding with and without pre-flooding

A two-dimensional (2D) laboratory model was used to study effects of gravity on areal recovery of a representative dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) contaminant by an alcohol pre-flood and co-solvent flood in dipping aquifers. Recent studies have demonstrated that injection of alcohol and co-solvent solutions can be used to reduce in-situ the density of DNAPL globules and displace the contaminant from the source zone. However, contact with aqueous alcohol reduces interfacial tension and causes DNAPL swelling, thus facilitating risk of uncontrolled downward DNAPL migration. The 2D laboratory model was operated with constant background gradient flow and a DNAPL spill was simulated using tetrachloroethene (PCE). The spill was dispersed to a trapped, immobile PCE saturation by a water flood. Areal PCE recovery was studied using a double-triangle well pattern to simulate a remediation scheme consisting of an alcohol pre-flood using aqueous isobutanol ( approximately 10% vol.) followed by a co-solvent flood using a solution of ethylene glycol (65%) and 1-propanol (35%). Experiments were conducted with the 2D model oriented in the horizontal plane and compared to experiments at the 15 degrees and 30 degrees dip-angle orientations. Injection was applied either in the downward or upward direction of flow. Experimental results were compared to theoretical predictions for flood front stability and used to evaluate effects of gravity on areal PCE recovery. Sensitivity experiments were performed to evaluate effects of the alcohol pre-flood on PCE areal recovery. For experiments conducted with the alcohol pre-flood and the 2D model oriented in the horizontal plane, results indicate that 89-93% of source zone PCE was recovered. With injection oriented downward, results indicate that areal PCE recovery was 70-77% for a 15 degrees dip angle and 57-59% for a 30 degrees dip angle. With injection oriented upward, results indicate that areal PCE recovery was 57-60% at the 30 degrees dip angle, which was similar to PCE recovery for injection in the downward flow direction. Lower areal PCE recovery at greater dip angles in either direction of flow was attributed to DNAPL swelling and migration, flood front instabilities and bypassing of the displaced fluid past the extraction wells during the alcohol pre-flood. Additional results demonstrate that the use of an alcohol pre-flood can be beneficial in improving DNAPL recovery in the horizontal orientation, but pre-flooding may reduce areal recovery efficiency in dip-angle orientations. This study also demonstrates the use of theoretical perturbation (fingering) analysis in predicting NAPL recovery efficiency for flooding processes in remediating aquifers with dip angles.     

A theoretical model of air and steam co-injection to prevent the downward migration of DNAPLs during steam-enhanced extraction

When steam is injected into soil containing a dense volatile non-aqueous phase liquid contaminant the DNAPL vaporized within the heated soil region condenses and accumulates ahead of the steam condensation front. If enough DNAPL accumulates, gravitational forces can overcome trapping forces allowing the liquid contaminant to flow downward. By injecting air with steam, a portion of the DNAPL vapor remains suspended in equilibrium with the air, decreasing liquid contaminant accumulation ahead of the steam condensation front, and thus reducing the possibility of downward migration. In this work, a one-dimensional theoretical model is developed to predict the injection ratio of air to steam that will prevent the accumulation of volatile DNAPLs. The contaminated region is modeled as a one-dimensional homogeneous porous medium with an initially uniform distribution of a single component contaminant. Mass and energy balances are combined to determine the injection ratio of air to steam that eliminates accumulation of the contaminant ahead of the steam condensation front, and hence reduces the possibility of downward migration. The minimum injection ratio that eliminates accumulation is defined as the optimum injection ratio. Example calculations are presented for three DNAPLs, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), trichloroethylene (TCE), and perchloroethylene (PCE). The optimum injection ratio of air to steam is shown to depend on the initial saturation and the volatility of the liquid contaminant. Numerical simulation results are presented to validate the model, and to illustrate downward migration for ratios less than optimum. Optimum injection ratios determined from numerical simulations are shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical model.     

高锰酸钾修复PAHs污染土壤过程中Mn迁移转化规律

为探究高锰酸钾氧化修复技术应用过程中Mn元素迁移转化规律及其潜在的环境风险,通过室内模拟实验,采用某焦化厂PAHs污染土壤作为研究材料,探究了高锰酸钾修复技术中不同药剂投加量对PAHs去除、高锰酸钾消耗量、土壤中Mn质量分数、Mn赋存形态分布及有效态Mn质量分数等的影响。结果表明,高锰酸钾氧化处理可有效去除土壤中PAHs;当高锰酸钾投加量为0.20 mmol·g⁻¹、反应时间为1 d时,PAHs去除率最高,可达89.61%。氧化处理过程中,高锰酸钾消耗量和土壤Mn质量分数均与高锰酸钾的投加量有关,随投加量增加而升高。其中,土壤Mn的质量分数与高锰酸钾消耗量呈显著正相关关系。高锰酸钾氧化处理后土壤中Mn主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,所占比例为77.04%~92.17%。土壤经0.05 mmol·g⁻¹高锰酸钾氧化处理后,土壤有效态Mn的质量分数比对照组增加了0.94倍;而在高锰酸钾投加量为0.10~0.40 mmol·g⁻¹的处理条件下,土壤有效态Mn的质量分数下降了77.65%~99.09%。药剂投加量是影响高锰酸钾氧化修复PAHs污染土壤过程中Mn环境行为的关键因子。本研究结果可为高锰酸钾氧化修复技术应用工艺优化提供参考。     

土壤中铬电动修复过程及影响因素

实验筛选出阳极pH、阴极pH、电压梯度、电极形状4种影响因素,以黏土为研究对象,设计正交实验和对比实验研究铬的电动修复过程。结果表明,最重要的影响因素为电压梯度,其他影响因素重要性排序为阳极pH、阴极pH、电极形状;在电压梯度为1.5 V·cm-1下,以去离子水作为电解质,分别控制阴极和阳极pH在11和3,取得很好的去除效果,144 h后铬迁移率达到80.9%。总铬和六价铬分布规律类似,从阳极到阴极呈现逐渐下降的趋势。经过电动修复后土壤中水溶态铬比例减少,可氧化态和残渣态比例增大。铬电动修复控制系统在微电流范围内可取得很好的去除效果。     

Attitudes towards relocation following Hurricane Sandy: should we stay or should we go?

This study explores the dilemma of whether to rebuild or relocate from the areas devastated by Hurricane Sandy in 2012. Since disasters represent the discernible manifestation of other complex coastal hazards, they offer a window of opportunity to engage residents in the dialogue on relocation as sometimes the most effective risk reduction strategy. The following research evaluates attitudes towards relocation and willingness to consider buyout among 46 surveyed households located in highly‐affected communities five months after Sandy. It also gauges perceptions of coastal risks and recovery concerns as drivers of relocation, the level of support for different adaptation strategies, and preferences related to the relocation process itself on how and where to relocate and with what type of assistance. Responses indicate that, even though residents prefer structural solutions to address coastal hazards, they are not fully opposed to the possibility of relocation mostly for personal health and safety reasons.     

基于实测的超低排放燃煤电厂砷、硒、铅迁移与排放特性

选择煤粉炉（PC）和循环流化床（CFB）超低排放燃煤电厂开展实测研究,同步采集烟气净化装置（APCDs）前后烟气样品进行分析;并同时采集分析入炉煤、飞灰、底渣、省煤器（LTE）灰、脱硫浆液和湿式电除尘器（WESP）废水等样品,以揭示砷（As）、硒（Se）和铅（Pb）迁移与排放特性。结果表明：两家电厂APCDs对烟气中As、Se和Pb的总协同脱除率达到96%,净烟气中污染物浓度低,分别为0.13~0.49、1.05~2.15和0.86~3.19 μg/m³;不同APCDs的协同脱除率存在较大差异,其中布袋除尘器（FF）最高（99.56%~99.74%）,静电除尘器（ESP）次之（85.61%~98.44%）,湿法烟气脱硫（WFGD）的脱除率波动较大,WESP脱除率为11.61%~55.08%。燃煤中As、Se和Pb大部分迁移到飞灰中,占比为74.38%~95.24%;CFB底渣占比为3.51%~24.08%;LTE灰占比为5.85%~12.11%;脱硫浆液中均低于6%;WESP废水和出口烟气中占比最低,分别为0.68%和0.62%。相对于煤粉炉,循环流化床电厂底渣中As和Pb富集性更高;而对于Se,则燃烧方式无明显影响,但其在净烟气中占比高于As和Pb。