地下水药物的赋存、源解析及运移机理

近年来,大量使用的医用和兽用药物可通过人体或动物的排泄、不合理的弃置等直接或间接途径迁移到地下水体中.残留在地下水中的药物经过长时间的富集,可能对水环境系统及人类的健康产生许多负面效应.为全面了解地下水中药物的污染现状并及时防治其对地下水的进一步污染,本文综述了地下水药物的赋存现状及其主要来源途径,总结了药物在地下的运移机理及其主要的影响因素.     

引黄济青调水沿程氮污染物的迁移转化研究

2011年4—6月在引黄济青工程输水沿程11个采样点进行4次取样,分析氮污染物的迁移转化。结果表明,总氮在沿程呈下降的趋势,但不同月份存在差别;硝酸盐氮是氮污染物的主要存在形式,与总氮呈正相关;氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度较低,沿程有一定波动,但变化较小。沉砂池对硝酸盐氮有一定的去除作用,但对总氮的作用在不同月份存在差异。农业面源污染、植物残体分解、泥沙沉积作用、植物同化作用、微生物作用等因素会影响引黄济青沿程氮污染物质量浓度变化。     

回采工作面高位钻孔抽采瓦斯效果数值模拟及方案优化

以提高瓦斯抽采效果为目标, 某矿Ⅲ4423工作面为研究对象,采用理论分析、 数值模拟、现场试验等研究方法,研究了顶板高位钻孔条件下瓦斯抽采的主要技术参数 ,数值模拟出高位钻孔抽采瓦斯前采空区的瓦斯分布情况与运移规律,以及负压分别为 8、10 kPa时的高位钻孔瓦斯抽采效果。依据瓦斯流动“O”型圈理论与FLUENT数值模拟 分析,优化设计高位钻孔抽采瓦斯工艺参数并进行现场试验。结果表明:当高位钻孔抽 采负压为8 kPa、终孔位置调整到采空区裂隙带回风巷侧15~35 m范围内时,高位钻孔抽 采瓦斯效果最佳,采空区内瓦斯最高浓度明显降低,单个钻场最大抽采瓦斯量为19 821.74 m3,钻孔瓦斯浓度稳定在 20%~30％之间,最大值达到50％,实现了工作面有效 治理瓦斯和安全生产的目标。     

Disasters as an ideological strategy for governing neoliberal urban transformation in Turkey: insights from Izmir/Kadifekale

Since the turn of the twenty‐first century, Turkish cities have undergone large‐scale change through a process referred to as urban transformation, involving, notably, the demolition of inner‐city low‐income settlements. The official authorities and business circles have resorted to various forms of discourse to justify these projects, which have led to the deportation of a significant number of people to peripheral areas. The discourse of ‘natural disasters’, for example, suggests that urban transformation is necessary to protect people from some pending event. Probably the most effective application of this discourse has occurred in Izmir, where the risk posed by ‘landslides’ has played a critical role in the settlement demolitions conducted in the huge inner‐city neighbourhood of Kadifekale. By examining the case of Kadifekale, this paper provide some insights into how ‘natural disasters’ serve as a discourse with which to legitimise the neoliberal logic entrenched in the urban transformation process in Turkey.     

煤体结构差异对气体运移影响的试验研究

利用自行研制的装置,以氮气模拟瓦斯,以同一压力下压实的不同粒径煤样制作不同煤体结构构造煤;气源以恒定压力向煤体持续注气,使煤体吸附一段时间后,停止注气,打开放气阀,使煤体开始解吸,进行了煤体结构差异对气体运移影响的试验研究。结果表明:构造煤体的气体运移特征有线性渗流和二项式渗流。当组成构造煤体的煤颗粒粒径较大时,在流量达极值前,通过煤体的气体流量随时间的变化成线性关系,此时煤体内气体的运移特征符合线性渗流。当组成构造煤体的煤颗粒粒径较小时,在流量达极值前,通过煤体的气体流量随时间的变化成二项式关系,此时煤体内气体的运移特征符合二项式渗流。试验中大颗粒粒径煤体和小颗粒粒径煤体,在流量达到极值后,通过煤体的气体流量随时间的衰减关系均成二项式关系。     

铅和铬污染包气带及再释放规律的实验研究

利用有机玻璃柱模拟包气带,研究了Pb2+和Cr6+在污染包气带时的迁移转化规律,以及雨水淋洗受污染包气带中重金属再释放规律.结果表明:包气带受重金属污染过程中,铅和铬在粗砂包气带中的迁移速率分别为7.25cm/d和0.4cm/d,远大于其在细砂包气带中的迁移速率4.46cm/d和0.36cm/d,且Cr2O72-形式存在的六价铬在包气带中的迁移速率比的铅离子迁移速率大10倍以上;在模拟实验中,溶液在通过包气带区域时六价铬还原为三价铬的反应很弱,通过包气带的水样中三价铬未检出,并且包气带介质中三价铬含量(0.006mg/kg)几乎为零;雨水淋洗铬和铅污染的粗砂和细砂包气带模拟研究中铅淋洗溶出率为0.056%和0.112%,铬淋洗溶出率为62.33%和40.36%.因此,Cr2O72-在砂质包气带中的迁移性很强且容易从介质表面淋洗去除,而铅在介质中的迁移性较差且很难从介质中淋洗去除掉.     

Near-term ecological forecasting for dynamic aeroconservation of migratory birds

Near-term ecological forecasting has the potential to mitigate negative impacts of human modifications on wildlife by directing efficient action through relevant and timely predictions. We used the U.S. avian migration system to highlight ecological forecasting applications for aeroconservation. We used millions of observations from 143 weather surveillance radars to construct and evaluate a migration forecasting system for nocturnal bird migration over the contiguous United States. We identified the number of nights of mitigation required to reduce the risk of aerial hazards to 50% of avian migrants passing a given area in spring and autumn based on dynamic forecasts of migration activity. We also investigated an alternative approach, that is, employing a fixed conservation strategy based on time windows that historically capture 50% of migratory passage. In practice, during both spring and autumn, dynamic forecasts required fewer action nights compared with fixed window selection at all locations (spring: mean of 7.3 more alert days; fall: mean of 12.8 more alert days). This pattern resulted in part from the pulsed nature of bird migration captured in the radar data, where the majority (54.3%) of birds move on 10% of a migration season's nights. Our results highlight the benefits of near-term ecological forecasting and the potential advantages of dynamic mitigation strategies over static ones, especially in the face of increasing risks to migrating birds from light pollution, wind energy infrastructure, and collisions with structures.     

炭负载膨润土对河岸土铜迁移的影响模拟

采用质量分数为1%的生物炭(C)和生物炭负载膨润土( CB )改良嘉陵江、渠江和涪江(川渝段)8个不同河岸土样,并以土柱实验模拟铜在各改良土样中的迁移和形态变化特征(原土样作为对照)。结果表明：C和CB 的添加均有利于沿岸土对铜的吸附,吸附能力和穿透时间表现为CB 改良土样>C改良土样>原土样;各改良沿岸土样对铜吸附能力表现为上游土样强于下游。供试土柱中铜累积量为16.43 g/kg~56.54 g/kg,且表现为CB改良土样>C改良土样>原土样的趋势。铜结合形态以碳酸盐结合态比例最大,铁锰氧化态次之,可交换态和有机态较少。     

冰封状态下达里湖冰-水中浮游细菌群落结构差异

细菌是湖泊生态环境、物质能量循环的关键参与者.为了解寒旱区湖泊冰封状态下上部水体中浮游细菌群落结构变化特征,于2019年1月中旬,在内蒙古达里湖进行了15个取样点处的湖冰底层、冰下表层水等样品（"底冰"和"表水"）的采集与分析.结果表明,在门类水平上,达里湖底冰中浮游细菌群落多样性比表水中略低,且优势浮游细菌门类的相对含量出现明显冰-水差异.虽然底冰和表水中优势浮游细菌门类均由Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Cyanobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Verrucomicrobia、Planctomycetes、Tenericutes及Gemmatimonadetes等组成,但Proteobacteria的相对含量在底冰中平均达到63.64%,而表水中的平均相对含量下降到26.75%,明显小于Actinobacteri的平均相对含量（39.10%）.再者,由于冰封过程中"冷冻浓缩"作用导致氮（N）、磷（P）等元素迁移幅度不同,促使底冰和表水中Proteobacteria和Actinobacteria等优势细菌门类相对含量存在明显的差异响应,导致主要浮游细菌属种的相对含量出现冰-水明显不同.整体上,总磷（TP）和溶解性总磷（DTP）等变化成为影响底冰中优势细菌门类结构变化的环境因子,而溶解态无机磷（DIP）和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）等变化成为影响表水中优势细菌门类结构变化的环境因子.显然,不同形态N、P元素的迁移幅度等成为影响冰封状态下湖泊表层水体中浮游细菌结构差异的主要影响因素,这也将为进一步分析寒旱区湖泊水生态环境提供基础数据.     

The Role of Floodplain Soils as a Barrier to Radionuclide Migration: An Example of the Techa–Iset' River System

The contents of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs and the pattern of their redistribution in the soil and plant cover of floodplain ecosystems have been assessed. It is shown that the radionuclide distribution across the floodplain and along the river flow is determined by the formation of a barrier to their migration near the river channel, at which less mobile ¹³⁷Cs accumulates. The soil and plant cover of the central floodplain are enriched with ⁹⁰Sr. Differences in radionuclide migration in floodplain soils and their input into plants are determined by the relationship between the processes of their immobilization and migration with soil water.