Interprovincial migration in China,1985-2005:a gravity modeling approach

This paper tries to identify the characters that might affect interprovincial migrants'decisions and examine how and why the inftuenee of these characters changed over time individually and synthetically in China during 1985-2005.We have investigated six types of factors,namely,distance,population density,income,employment structure,house price,and migration stock.In addition,we apply the identified factors with a multiple stepwise regression model to a longitudinal dataset,which consists of interprovincial migration flows over the last two decades in China.It is found that different factors have disparate impacts on migration in China,and they can be decomposed into push force in origin area and pull force in destination area.Factors shaping China's interprovincial migration have shifted from traditional factors such as distance to economic factors such as income and employment structure.This paper suggests that more attention should be paid to obtain detailed migration data with spatial information and develop applicable models for migration processes.Our analysis provides references for development planners and policymakers to develop sound population policies to achieve regional sustainable development in China.     

Identifying impediments to long‐distance mammal migrations

In much of the world, the persistence of long‐distance migrations by mammals is threatened by development. Even where human population density is relatively low, there are roads, fencing, and energy development that present barriers to animal movement. If we are to conserve species that rely on long‐distance migration, then it is critical that we identify existing migration impediments. To delineate stopover sites associated with anthropogenic development, we applied Brownian bridge movement models to high‐frequency locations of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. We then used resource utilization functions to assess the threats to long‐distance migration of pronghorn that were due to fences and highways. Migrating pronghorn avoided dense developments of natural gas fields. Highways with relatively high volumes of traffic and woven‐wire sheep fence acted as complete barriers. At crossings with known migration bottlenecks, use of high?quality forage and shrub habitat by pronghorn as they approached the highway was lower than expected based on availability of those resources. In contrast, pronghorn consistently utilized high?quality forage close to the highway at crossings with no known migration bottlenecks. Our findings demonstrate the importance of minimizing development in migration corridors in the future and of mitigating existing pressure on migratory animals by removing barriers, reducing the development footprint, or installing crossing structures. Identificación de los Impedimentos para las Migraciones de Larga Distancia de Mamíferos     

No Sustainability without Technical,Fiscal and Social Innovation

Abstract

Migration process has become increasingly important in recent research on population and the environment. A majority of the existing migration and environment literature has focused on the environmental causes and determinants of migration. With the largest rural-to-urban migration flow in world history, and growing concerns about the environmental problems accompanying its fast economic development, China provides a particularly important case for migration and environment research. This paper reviews major migration theories and recent research on environmental effects on migration, with specific attention to the influences of environmental factors on rural-to-urban labor migration in China. A comprehensive multilevel conceptual framework is developed for studying the environmental causes of rural-to-urban migration in China. The effects of land resources on household labor migration decisions in rural China are explored to illustrate the application of this framework.     

Predicting and Mapping Potential Whooping Crane Stopover Habitat to Guide Site Selection for Wind Energy Projects

Migratory stopover habitats are often not part of planning for conservation or new development projects. We identified potential stopover habitats within an avian migratory flyway and demonstrated how this information can guide the site‐selection process for new development. We used the random forests modeling approach to map the distribution of predicted stopover habitat for the Whooping Crane (Grus americana), an endangered species whose migratory flyway overlaps with an area where wind energy development is expected to become increasingly important. We then used this information to identify areas for potential wind power development in a U.S. state within the flyway (Nebraska) that minimize conflicts between Whooping Crane stopover habitat and the development of clean, renewable energy sources. Up to 54% of our study area was predicted to be unsuitable as Whooping Crane stopover habitat and could be considered relatively low risk for conflicts between Whooping Cranes and wind energy development. We suggest that this type of analysis be incorporated into the habitat conservation planning process in areas where incidental take permits are being considered for Whooping Cranes or other species of concern. Field surveys should always be conducted prior to construction to verify model predictions and understand baseline conditions. Predicción y Mapeo del Hábitat Potencial de Descanso de la Grulla Americana para Guiar la Selección de Sitios para Proyectos de Energía Eólica.     

PVC浓度对热处理过程中Pb迁移转化的影响

生活垃圾热处理过程中含氯化合物的存在会使重金属转化为颗粒更小、更易挥发的重金属氯化物,扩大其环境影响.本文采用热分析和管式炉模拟法,研究在不同气氛下城市生活垃圾中典型有机氯化物--聚氯乙烯（PVC）对重金属Pb迁移转化的影响.结果表明,PVC和PbO共存的体系中,PVC在250℃左右热分解产生HCl,并与PbO反应生成PbCl₂（501℃左右开始挥发）而促进Pb迁移进入烟气.当Cl：Pb物质的量比为2,3,5和10时,在空气气氛下PVC浓度的增加对Pb的挥发没有显著影响,而在氮气气氛下,Cl：Pb=3时,Pb挥发率最大,达到88.19%,Cl：Pb=2时,Pb挥发率最小,为68.60%.     

磺胺嘧啶在覆铁石英砂中迁移特征及数值模拟

为了探讨磺胺类抗生素在土壤中的迁移特征,以磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）为研究对象,以石英砂（QS）为介质,采用高温加热法制备覆铁石英砂（IOCS）,通过土柱出流实验,研究不同铁含量和离子强度对SDZ在IOCS中迁移的影响,并利用Hydrus-1D软件对结果进行模拟.土柱出流实验结果表明,随着IOCS表面铁含量增加,其表面粗糙度越大,且表面携带的正电荷越多,SDZ越容易吸附在IOCS表面,其相对浓度峰值越低,不利于SDZ的迁移;离子强度的增加,促进了SDZ在QS和IOCS中的迁移,这主要是受静电作用、表面络合作用和竞争吸附作用的控制.模拟结果显示,非平衡单点吸附模型（OSM）可以较好地模拟不同铁含量和离子强度下SDZ的迁移过程,拟合曲线与实测曲线几乎重合,R²>0.97,RMSE<0.032,拟合效果较好;反演所得吸附分配系数k_F随着铁含量的增加而增加,随离子强度的增加而减小;阻滞因子R_d与其呈现相同的变化趋势;吸附特征参数β>1,而一阶动力学速率常数α均较小.     

模拟巢湖流域氯菊酯的迁移转化和生态风险

近年来,随着大量使用拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂,导致的环境问题已得到广泛关注.为认识巢湖流域氯菊酯在环境中的赋存状态、迁移转化、环境归趋和生态风险,本研究结合多介质归趋模型和物种敏感性分布模型(SSD),模拟了稳态假设下氯菊酯在巢湖生态系统各环境介质中的浓度分布、迁移通量和去除途径,并通过灵敏性分析和不确定性分析对各输入参数进行了评价.进一步构建污染物的SSD模型,评价了氯菊酯在稳态条件下的潜在生态风险,预测了保护系统中95%的物种时允许最大年输入量.结果表明,氯菊酯在大气相、水体相、沉积物相中的浓度分别为3.99×10~(-16)、5.63×10~(-11)和1.95×10~(-5)mol·m~(-3),沉积物是氯菊酯的最大储库;大气中的氯菊酯主要以挥发形式进入,通过空气颗粒物干沉降消减;水体中的氯菊酯主要以平流输入为主进入,通过底泥沉降消减;沉积物中的氯菊酯主要以底泥沉降形式进入,通过底泥再悬浮和掩埋消减.此外,SSD模型预测的HC5浓度为0.97 ng·L~(-1),假设稳态下预测的水体浓度远低于该值,仅对巢湖流域0.77%的物种产生影响,当年输入量低于78.2 t的情况下,巢湖水体中95%的物种不会受到氯菊酯的威胁.     

多重扰动对湖泊内源磷迁移转化的影响

为了阐明多重扰动因素对内源磷迁移转化的影响,以太湖梅梁湾沉积物为研究对象,借助Rhizon间隙水采样技术、Unisense微电极系统等技术,研究了扰动下泥水两相间溶解氧、不同形态磷、铁离子等变化规律.结果表明,与对照实验相比,河蚬的出现致使沉积物内部溶解氧含量降低.扰动致使间隙水中DIP的峰值区域由3~4 cm迁移至4~5 cm,暗示了摇蚊幼虫和河蚬的引入使得DIP再生的"活跃区域"更深入泥层.并且,河蚬和藻类的出现进一步降低了间隙水中DIP的含量,其主要来源于NH_4Cl-P的释放,去向为上覆水和形成Fe/Al-P.随着扰动因素的增加,NH_4Cl-P转化为Fe/Al-P的比重也逐渐增加(由44%增至59%).     

A critical review on lead migration, transformation and emission control in Chinese coal‐fired power plants

Coal is widely utilized as an important energy source, but coal-fired power plant was considered to be an important anthropogenic lead emission source. In the present study, the distribution characteristics of lead in coal and combustion by-products are reviewed. Specifically, lead is mainly transferred to ash particles and the formation and migration mechanisms of particulate lead are summarized. Also, targeted measures are proposed to control the formation of fine particulate lead as well as to increase the removal efficiency during the low-temperature flue gas clean process. In detail, interactions between gaseous lead and some coal-bearing minerals or added adsorbents could obviously suppress the formation of fine particulate lead. On the other hand, some efforts (including promoting capture of fine particles, reducing resistivity of particles and strengthening the gas-liquid contact) could be made to improve the fine particulate lead removal capacity. Notably, the formation mechanism of fine particulate lead is still unclear due to the limitations of research methods. Some differences in the removal principles of fine particles and particulate lead make the lead emission precisely control a great challenge. Finally, the environmental potential risk of lead emission from flue gas and ash residues is addressed and further discussed.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气的运移与聚集

通过对上古生界烃源岩天然气排气史、天然气运移方向和沉积相带的展布等综合分析 ,可将上古生界天然气的运移聚集分为三叠纪—早白垩世和早白垩世后两个阶段。在三叠纪—早白垩世阶段 ,天然气运移方向主要是向北 ,而在早白垩世后阶段 ,天然气主要是就近运移聚集而成藏 ,这一阶段是鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气重要的运移与聚集期 ,故上古生界煤成气藏的成藏期较晚。鄂尔多斯盆地北部和中部的靖边古三角洲是天然气聚集的有利地区 ,具有较好的天然气勘探前景