Heavy metal migration in soils and rocks at historical smelting sites

The vertical migration of metals through soils and rocks was investigated at five historical lead smelting sites ranging in age between 220 and 1900 years. Core samples were taken through metal-contaminated soils and the underlying strata. Concentration profiles of lead and zinc are presented from which values for the distances and rates of migration have been derived. Slag-rich soil horizons contain highly elevated metal concentrations and some contamination of underlying strata has occurred at all sites. However, the amounts of lead and zinc that have migrated from soils and been retained at greater depths are comparatively low. This low metal mobility in contaminated soils is partly attributed to the elevation of soil pH by the presence of calcium and carbonate originating from slag wastes and perhaps gangue minerals. Distances and rates of vertical migration were higher at those sites with soils underlain by sandstone than at those with soils underlain by clay. For sites with the same parent material, metal mobility appears to be increased at lower soil pH. The mean migration rates for lead and zinc reach maxima of 0.75 and 0.46 cm yr^–1 respectively in sandstone at Bole A where the elements have moved mean distances of 4.3 and 2.6 m respectively. There is some evidence that metal transport in the sandstone underlying Bole A and Cupola B occurs preferentially along rock fractures. The migration of lead and zinc is attenuated by subsurface clays leading to relatively low mean migration rates which range from 0.03 to 0.31 cm yr^–1 with many values typical of migration solely by diffusion. However, enhanced metal migration in clays at Cupola A suggest a preferential transport mechanism possibly in cracks or biopores.     

填埋垃圾体气体渗透特性的实验研究

通过对模拟填埋垃圾体压实方向和与其垂直方向上气体渗透系数的测定,研究了在不同压实密度、不同含水率条件下垃圾体渗透特性的变化情况．实验表明：(1)在垂直压实的填埋垃圾体中,水平方向渗透系数平均值Ka^-为垂直方向渗透系数Ka^-的7．5-20．0倍,填埋垃圾体各向异性特征明显;(2)垃圾体渗透系数与压实密度、含水率的关系分别满足指数和线性递减规律．表明压实密度对渗透系数的影响较含水率大得多。     

湖磷迁移模型的研究

通过Ｇｅ湖磷的来源途径和湖体各要素中磷迁移过程调查资料的分析，建立了描述磷在上述各要素中迁移过程的数学模型，经实测资料的验证，模型能较好地反映Ｇｅ湖磷的迁移过程及动态变化规律，对该湖磷浓度预测及磷资源合理利用具有重要指导作用。     

中国东南沿海与西南日本内带中生代火山活动时代、旋回与迁移问题的讨论

本文提出中国东南沿海与西南日本内带中生代火山活动时代与旋回对比意见,阐述两带火山喷发与侵入活动时序和交替式演变。两带火山活动时差呈现超前、滞后式迁移性。两带内部火山活动又显示垂直与平行火山岩带的双向迁移性。     

Prenatal diagnosis and investigation of a fetus with chondrodysplasia punctata,ichthyosis, and Kallmann syndrome due to an Xp deletion

We report the prenatal diagnosis of a male fetus with X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX), steroid sulphatase (STS) deficiency, X-linked Kallmann syndrome (KAL), and a chromosome deletion at Xp22.31. Biochemical analysis of bone from this case indicates that CDPX is not a defect of vitamin K metabolism. Immunocytochemical study of the brain suggests that KAL is a defect in neuronal migration.     

Geochemical migration of arsenic and its environmental effect

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汞在环境中的污染和迁移转化

本文阐述了汞的污染及其来源和它在环境迁移转化规律 ,提出综合防治措施 ,以消灭汞中毒对人体健康的危害     

饱和黄土中3H和Br-迁移的延迟特征

饱和黄土核素迁移实验表明 ,Br-的迁移速度比3 H快 ,这种现象对核素的迁移研究具有重要意义 ,但常用的模拟方法显然无法模拟出这种现象 .利用实验参数并以水流流速为已知参数 ,对实验数据进行了流速反推模拟 ,结果显示 ,3 H和Br-在饱和黄土的迁移中均存在延迟现象 ,且3 H的延迟大于Br-,模拟获得3 H的延迟因子为 1 95～ 2 0 5 ,Br-为 1 6 0～ 1 90 .对常用模拟法和流速反推法计算结果进行了比较 ,结果显示 ,采用常用模拟法获得的水流流速存在较大误差 .延迟因子的灵敏度分析结果显示 ,延迟因子对3 H和Br-在饱和黄土中的迁移具有较大影响     

重金属在土壤-水稻体系中的分布、变化及迁移规律分析

以佛山市南海区小塘镇和高明区杨梅镇的标准农田为研究对象,分析重金属在土壤和水稻植株不同部位的分布及其随时间变化、迁移规律。结果表明:重金属被水稻吸收以后,多数仍滞留在土壤里,只有少量向地上部分迁移。重金属在水稻植株不同部位的质量分数分布由大到小的次序为:根→茎→籽→叶。水稻地上部分中4种重金属元素分布由大到小的次序是:Zn→Cu→Pb→Cd。水稻分蘖期重金属在根、茎和叶的积累量达到最大,随着时间的延续,在根部积累的重金属就越来越少,茎和叶积累的重金属在拔节期降至最小,随后又慢慢上升。4种重金属在水稻植株中的迁移能力由大到小依次为:Cd→Zn→Cu→Pb,但也有个别情况是Cu的迁移能力大于Zn。     

Differential timing of spring migration in northern wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe: hurried males or weak females?

In a field experiment on the island of Helgoland (southeast North Sea), we investigated whether migration strategy or competition between the sexes cause the differential timing of spring migration of male and female northern wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe) (males migrating earlier). The study included two subspecies, heading towards Greenland/Iceland and Scandinavia, respectively, and is based on colour-ringing and remote weighing of individuals. Despite food offered ad libitum, most Scandinavian birds left the island on the day of arrival or stayed only 1–3 days, whereas more than half of Greenlandic/Icelandic birds stayed for up to 12 days and refuelled rapidly. In the latter subspecies, males showed a positive correlation of departure fuel load and fuel deposition rate, resembling time-minimizers in optimal migration theory. In contrast, females departed irrespective of fuel deposition rate, with an approximately constant level of fuel stores. This level was lower than in males, but sufficient to enable by-passing of stopover sites en route, allowing us to regard females as time-minimizers also. Since females are not able to reach Greenland without additional refuelling elsewhere and males appeared to have a larger potential for by-passing stopover sites, time-selection seems to be more pronounced in males and may be the reason for earlier migration of males. Intraspecific aggressive interactions between colour-ringed birds were predominantly won by the initiator, by males and by larger birds, whereas fuel load and subspecies did not affect the outcome. Although compared to females, males were more often dominant at the feeding stations or held territories, refuelling patterns could not be explained by dominance. Subordinate or non-territorial birds did not refuel at a lower rate or depart with lower fuel loads than dominant or territorial birds. In non-territorial birds, the restricted access to feeding stations was made up with larger doses of food taken per visit, leading to the same energy intake as that of dominant and territorial birds. Therefore, competition during stopover could be eliminated as the reason for differential timing of migration of male and female wheatears, but this result may be species-specific.Communicated by W. Wiltschko