Migration caused by climate change: how vulnerable are people inn dryland areas?

Climate change has been presented as a likely trigger formigration of people, especially in dryland areas of less developed countries.The underlying research questions focus on the strength of adaptationcapacity of subsistence farmers in Northern Ethiopia, and evaluate historicalexperiences gained from drought-induced migration. Through a survey of104 peasants who had to migrant due to persistent drought, vulnerabilityto climate change has shown to be a complex issue, including themultiplicity of factors comprising a household environment. Still, to bevulnerable does not make someone a potential climate migrant, as peoplein marginal regions have developed a great variety of adaptationmechanisms, which strengthen their ability to cope with both, slow climaticchanges and extreme climatic events.     

“双向探索法”──一种研究移民环境容量的新方法

水利工程的移民环境容量受社会、经济、环境等诸要素的制约。本文以中国四川省开县为例,提出“双向探索法”,并应用于移民环境容量研究,研究方法可行、灵活,且求解迅速可靠,能为决策者提供多种行动方案和决策信息。为本领域的科学研究做了一次有意义的尝试。     

重庆青木关地下河流域水中多环芳烃的污染和迁移特征

为探究典型岩溶槽谷区重庆青木关地下河流域水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量、组成、来源及污染特征,于2014年对青木关地下河流域中3种不同类型水体进行了连续7个月的采样监测,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了水中16种优控多环芳烃含量.结果表明,地下河水、表层岩溶泉水和地表水中∑PAHs含量变化范围分别为73.9~339.0、76.2~212.0和81.9~272.0 ng·L-1,平均值分别为134、138和173ng·L-1;PAHs组成以2~3环为主,平均占总含量的82%.通过对PAHs的组成对比分析表明,PAHs在迁移过程中地下环境介质对PAHs存在吸附作用.燃烧源是流域内水中PAHs的主要来源,PAHs污染水平较低,个别中低环PAHs含量超过水质标准,高环PAHs超标仅出现在2014年11月的地表水和地下河出口水样中.     

水泥窑协同处置危险废物中典型污染物迁移转化规律研究

水泥窑协同处置危险废物过程产生一系列的含Cr、Pb、Cl的危险废物。在实验室中,通过掺加不同Cr、Pb和Cl元素含量的典型危险废物,模拟煅烧熟料,研究Cr、Pb和Cl在水泥熟料中的固化率。结果表明:不挥发性重金属Cr在熟料中的固化率在50%以上,并随着生料中Cr掺加量的增加而增加;难挥发性重金属Pb元素在熟料中的固化率范围为19.69%~22.57%,在生料中Pb元素增加后,固化率则呈先增加后下降的趋势;非金属Cl元素在熟料中的固化率范围为3.30%~5.87%。Cl元素在熟料中的固化率在10%以下,并随着Cl元素掺加量的增加,Cl在熟料中的固化率减小。最后,对比《固体废物生产水泥污染控制标准》(征求意见稿)中水泥产品中Cr和Pb元素含量限值(0.1mg/L,0.05 mg/L),实验结果表明Cr和Pb的浸出含量都在限值范围内,满足标准的要求。     

氮在河北平原包气带中的迁移转化机制

为揭示氮在土壤包气带中的迁移转化规律并确定其数学模型,通过室内土柱淋滤试验研究了碳酸氢铵及尿素2种氮肥在土壤中的迁移转化过程,并测定了不同时间土壤中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氨的质量浓度变化,总结了“3氮”在包气带中的迁移转化规律.结果表明,施氮周期内褐土土柱淋滤液中,氨氮最高质量浓度为13.33mg/L,硝酸盐氮为15.25 mg/L(H-N-1土柱),土壤中氨氮吸附作用大于硝酸盐氮.建立了氨在土壤中的迁移转化模型并确定了模型参数,可以用所建模型对氮在河北平原包气带中的迁移过程进行定量预测.     

生态移民迁入地的环境正义思考研究

生态移民政策越来越受到相关政府部门和学者的青睐和关注.然而,大批生态移民的突然介入,当地居民必须让渡一部分生态环境资源给迁入者,原有的资源分配秩序被打破,环境承载压力加剧,从而造成迁入地的生态破坏,影响迁入地后代人的环境资源权益.在这种生态移民与环境正义相冲突的矛盾下,以生态移民迁入地为切入点,以环境正义为视角,论述生态移民对于迁入地的环境正义的不利影响,进而提出切实可行的冲突解决措施十分必要.     

污灌条件下非离子表面活性剂对土壤中有机农药迁移的影响研究

采用振荡平衡法和淋洗法,研究了污灌条件下非离子表面活性剂Tween－80在表层土壤和深层土壤上的吸附行为及其对有机农药甲萘威迁移的影响。结果表明：在振荡平衡条件下,低Tween－80浓度的污水灌溉会促进甲萘威在表层土壤中的吸附,而高Tween－80浓度的污水灌溉会抑制甲萘威在深层土壤中的吸附;在淋洗条件下,Tween－80在深层土壤中表现出较强的吸附能力。     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.