On the Process of Peasant Workers’ Transformation to Urban Residents

The unique two-stage ＂Chinese path＂ of China＇s rural-urban migration, which cannot be fully explained by classical theories of economic development, makes us to give peasant workers＇ transformation to urban residents a top priority. On the basis of fully explaining peasant workers＇ transformation to urban residents, a method for measuring its process has been advanced and then confirmed with the data of March in 2005 from surveys to peasant workers in Wuhan. Finally, the suggestions of accelerating peasant workers＇ transformation to urban residents to promote the construction of a harmonious society have been drawn from the analysis.     

Hydraulic anisotropy characterization of pneumatic-fractured sediments using azimuthal self potential gradient

The pneumatic fracturing technique is used to enhance the permeability and porosity of tight unconsolidated soils (e.g. clays), thereby improving the effectiveness of remediation treatments. Azimuthal self potential gradient (ASPG) surveys were performed on a compacted, unconsolidated clay block in order to evaluate their potential to delineate contaminant migration pathways in a mechanically-induced fracture network. Azimuthal resistivity (ARS) measurements were also made for comparative purposes. Following similar procedures to those used in the field, compressed kaolinite sediments were pneumatically fractured and the resulting fracture geometry characterized from strike analysis of visible fractures combined with strike data from optical borehole televiewer (BHTV) imaging. We subsequently injected a simulated treatment (electrolyte/dye) into the fractures. Both ASPG and ARS data exhibit anisotropic geoelectric signatures resulting from the fracturing. Self potentials observed during injection of electrolyte are consistent with electrokinetic theory and previous laboratory results on a fracture block model. Visual (polar plot) analysis and linear regression of cross plots show ASPG lobes are correlated with azimuths of high fracture strike density, evidence that the ASPG anisotropy is a proxy measure of hydraulic anisotropy created by the pneumatic fracturing. However, ARS data are uncorrelated with fracture strike maxima and resistivity anisotropy is probably dominated by enhanced surface conduction along azimuths of weak ‘starter paths’ formed from pulverization of the clay and increases in interfacial surface area. We find the magnitude of electrokinetic SP scales with the applied N₂ gas pressure gradient (ΔPN₂) for any particular hydraulically-active fracture set and that the positive lobe of the ASPG anomaly indicates the flow direction within the fracture network. These findings demonstrate the use of ASPG in characterizing the effectiveness of (1) pneumatic fracturing and (2) defining likely flow directions of remedial treatments in unconsolidated sediments and rock.     

土壤优先水流及污染物优先迁移的研究进展

土壤优先水流是非平衡管道流。土壤优先水流具有优先穿透、侧向入渗、穿透曲线不对称性和拖尾等特征。因其与土壤的作用较弱,并可携带溶质快速穿透土壤,造成土壤水分和养分利用率下降,同时导致地下水污染。向下移动的ＮＯ_３~－农药和其它溶质造成的地下水溶质浓度的变化远高于期望值。本文从土壤优先水流的产生机理出发,综述了土壤优先水流的特征、土壤优先水流的研究方法、土壤优先水流对环境的影响和土壤优先水流的研究进展,并对该领域研究的发展趋势进行了探讨。     

Assessment and Prediction of Contaminant Transport and Migration at a Florida Superfund Site

An important issue in the application of mathematical models to describe or predict the fate of solutes in soil and groundwater systems is providing the necessary data to support the spatial, temporal, and hydrogeologic model parameter requirements. The larger, more complex the model and scope of application, the more likely that significant amounts of data of several types are required. A management tool is required that allows the model and the modeler to interact with various needed databases, cope with numerous database management issues, efficiently achieve model parameterization and provide visualization of model output. The three-dimensional Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) that contains a state-of-the-art flow and solute transport model and a graphical user interface for data manipulation and analysis was applied to a Superfund site in Florida to demonstrate its capabilities for predicting solute migration.     

The role of physical processes controlling the behaviour of radionuclide contaminants in the aquatic environment: a review of state-of-the-art modelling approaches

This paper is aimed at presenting and discussing the methodologies implemented in state-of-the-art models for predicting the physical processes of radionuclide migration through the aquatic environment, including transport due to water currents, diffusion, settling and re-suspension. Models are briefly described, model parameter values reviewed and values recommended. The different modelling approaches are briefly classified and the advantages and disadvantages of the various model approaches and methodologies are assessed.     

Cs in a raised bog in central Sweden

The vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs activity in peat soil profiles and ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in plants of various species was studied in samples collected at two sites on a raised bog in central Sweden. One site (open bog) was in an area with no trees and only a few sparsely growing plant species, while the other (low pine) was less than 100 m from the open bog site and had slowly growing Scots pine, a field layer dominated by some ericaceous plants and ground well-covered by plants. The plant samples were collected in 2004–2007 and were compared with samples collected in 1989 from the same open bog and low pine sites. Ground deposition of ¹³⁷Cs in 2005 was similar at both sites, 23?000 Bq m⁻². In the open bog peat profile it seems to be an upward transport of caesium since a clear peak of ¹³⁷Cs activity was found in the uppermost 1–4 cm of Sphagnum layers, whereas at the low pine site ¹³⁷Cs was mainly found in deeper (10–12 cm) layers. The migration rate was 0.57 cm yr⁻¹ at the open bog site and the migration centre of ¹³⁷Cs was at a depth of 10.7, while the rate at the low pine site was 0.78 cm yr⁻¹ and the migration centre was at 14.9 cm. Heather (Calluna vulgaris) was the plant species with the highest ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations at both sites, 43.5 k Bq⁻¹ DM in 1989 decreasing to 20.4 in 2004–2007 on open bog and 22.3 k Bq kg⁻¹ DM in 1989 decreasing to 11.2 k Bq⁻¹ DM by the period 2004–2007 on the low pine site. ¹³⁷Cs transfer factors in plants varied between 0.88 and 1.35 on the open bog and between 0.48 and 0.69 m² kg⁻¹ DM at the low pine site.     

基于生态—经济适宜性的人口迁移空间趋势分析——以云南省贫困地区为例

贫困地区生态经济环境恶劣,人地关系矛盾突出,人口、资源、环境不协调是贫困地区致贫的主要根源。要使贫困地区脱贫,其中一条重要的途径就是进行人口迁移,减少人口压力,使生态环境、经济、人口发展相适宜。通过对云南省贫困地区人口、资源、环境、经济的适宜性分析,根据云南省贫困地区的地理区位提出了人口迁移的空间定位构想。     

循环流化床燃煤电厂铅的迁移特性

选取2家燃煤电厂3台循环流化床机组进行现场监测,在不同负荷条件下,采集并分析燃煤、烟气、飞灰、炉渣等样品的Pb含量,通过物料平衡核算,对循环流化床机组各环节Pb的迁移特性进行研究。结果表明:机组负荷变化对烟气、飞灰、炉渣的Pb含量影响不大,烟气Pb排放质量浓度均在2μg/m~3以下。电袋复合除尘处理后,烟气中颗粒态Pb的浓度总体低于气(溶胶)态Pb的浓度。Pb在炉渣和飞灰中均有富集,平均富集因子分别为2.16和3.02。飞灰较炉渣对Pb具有更强的富集能力,布袋灰中Pb含量略高于电除尘灰。循环流化床锅炉燃烧后Pb分布在飞灰、炉渣和外排烟气中的比例分别为62.49%、37.49%和0.02%,Pb释放率低于煤粉炉,在Pb污染控制方面更具优势。除尘过程对烟气中Pb的影响主要表现为飞灰对Pb的吸附和除尘器对飞灰的分离脱除,尤以后者为主。由于烟气中气(溶胶)态Pb所占的比例很低,Pb基本吸附在飞灰上,除尘效率的高低直接决定了Pb的去除效果。     

区域分异视角下进城居民再迁意愿分析

本文利用浙江、河南、四川三省960份已从农村迁移到城镇的居民的入户调查数据,建立二元Logistic回归模型进行验证,分析居民再迁移倾向。研究结果表明:(1)从描述性统计看,69.69%已进城居民不愿再迁,主要是生活原因,而30.31%的居民愿意再迁,主要是经济原因。(2)从三省总样本上看,一是女性较男性有更强的迁移意愿。二是年龄对再次迁移意愿有负向显著影响,年龄越大的进城居民更倾向"安土重迁"。三是家庭类型中三代同堂较单身家庭有更强的迁移意愿,因为养老难、子女教育难。四是手工业工人较村组干部更不愿意迁移,技能优势使其在城里更有保障。五是家庭年总收入对再迁意愿有正向显著影响。六是浙江、四川与河南三地的差异显著,因为三地分属于我国东中西部,社会经济、居民收入和文化观念存在显著差异。(3)从分省比较上看,一是性别、打工年限、家庭类型在浙江省和四川省模型中均有显著影响,但方向相反。二是工作类型在三省都有一定的影响,但存在差异。三是家庭年总收入在河南省不显著,而在四川省和浙江省均是正向显著。四是搬迁到城镇的年数在河南省是正向显著,而在浙江省和四川省是负向显著。五是浙江省和四川省模型都说明对政府越满意,居民越不愿意迁移。基于以上研究结论,本文认为在推进以人为核心的新型城镇化进程中,政府应发挥重要的引导作用,关注已进城居民对经济、生活、教育、社会保障等方面的合理需求,重视不同区域社会经济和文化观念的差异性,健全人口迁移的相关体制,落实各项相关保障政策。     

京津冀地区流动人口家庭化迁移的特征与影响机理

文章基于流动人口动态调查数据,使用空间相关分析、Multiple Logistic Regression等分析方法,对京津冀地区流动人口家庭化迁移的程度、空间特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结论显示:京津冀地区约65%左右的流动人口实现了家庭式迁移,一次性举家迁移已成为流动人口家庭迁移过程的主要模式;流动人口的家庭式迁移比重具有明显的空间差异,形成以北京、天津、张家口为轴线的高比重区域,其它地区则以地级城市为中心向外围递减,流动人口的家庭式迁移具有显著的空间依赖性;个体层面的性别、婚姻、年龄、流入时长等因素及家庭层面的家庭规模、家庭总收入、平均年龄、子女数量等因素均对流动人口的家庭迁移状态有显著影响,且流动人口的家庭式迁移表现出明显的基于经济发展水平的区域偏好。