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221.
Characterization of disinfection byproduct formation potential in 13 source
waters in China 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Junzhi Zhang Jianwei Yu Wei An Juan Liu Yongjing Wang Youjun Chen Jia Tai Min Yang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2011,23(2):183-188
The formation potential of four trihalomethanes (THMFP) and seven haloacetic acids (HAA7FP) in 13 source waters taken from
four major water basin areas in China was evaluated using the simulated distribution system (SDS) chlorination method. The specific
ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254: the ratio of UV254 to dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), which ranged between 0.9 and 5.0 L/(mg m),
showed that the organic compounds in di erent source waters exhibited di erent reactivities with chlorine. The HAA7FP of source
waters ranged from 20 to 448 g/L and the THMFP ranged from 29 to 259 g/L. The HAA7FP concentrations were higher than the
THMFP concentrations in all but one of the samples. Therefore, the risks of haloacetic acids (HAAs) should be of concern in some
source waters. TCM (chloroform) and BDCM (bromodichloromethane) were the major THM constituents, while TCAA (trichloroacetic
acid) and DCAA (dichloroacetic acid) were the major HAA species. Br-THM (brominated THM species) were much higher than Br-
HAA (brominated HAA species), and the formation of Br-DBP (Br-THM and Br-HAA) should be of concern when the bromide
concentration is over 100 g/L. 相似文献
222.
低分子有机酸强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用与机制 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
植物修复是利用植物的物理、化学作用去除污染土壤中重金属的技术方法,可以减少二次污染物的产生,具有经济可行性.低分子有机酸(LMWOAs)具有生物降解性和环境友好性,在重金属污染土壤植物修复中具有较强的应用潜力.综述了LMWOAs在植物修复中的作用机制,主要包括:①调控根茎叶发育,增加植物生物量,强化植物富集效果;②增强光合作用,提升植物抗性,提高对重金属的耐受能力;③改变根际土壤性质,提高根际微生物活性,促进对重金属的吸收;④改变重金属形态,减轻重金属毒性,提高转运效率.最后阐述了LMWOAs强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的优缺点及应用,提出了LMWOAs在重金属污染土壤植物修复中的研究方向,这对LMWOAs在未来植物修复中的研究和应用具有科学意义. 相似文献
223.
224.
三价锑是有毒金属锑生物地球化学循环中的不稳定还原态,其在腐殖酸体系中的光氧化过程可能是水体环境中Sb(Ⅲ)转化的重要途径.通过室内模拟实验,探讨了光照条件下不同来源腐殖酸对Sb(Ⅲ)的光氧化反应特征,并考察腐殖酸浓度、Sb(Ⅲ)初始浓度、溶液pH值、环境中普遍存在的阴阳离子等环境因素对光氧化作用的影响.结果表明:Sb(Ⅲ)在腐殖酸溶液中的光化学反应过程符合准一级动力学规律.反应体系中腐殖酸浓度的升高有利于促进Sb(Ⅲ)的光氧化作用,而Sb(Ⅲ)初始浓度增加则抑制其光氧化作用,Sb(Ⅲ)的光氧化速率常数随溶液pH值的升高而逐渐增大,褐煤来源腐殖酸对Sb(Ⅲ)的光氧化速率常数高于土壤来源腐殖酸.水环境中NO3-的存在促进了腐殖酸对Sb(Ⅲ)的光氧化作用,而Cl-、SO42-和Na+未对Sb(Ⅲ)的光氧化作用产生显著影响.羟基和超氧自由基是Sb(Ⅲ)光氧化反应中的主要活性基团,其中在酸性条件下,羟基自由基对Sb(Ⅲ)的光氧化反应起主导作用,而在中性和碱性条件下超氧自由基起主要作用. 相似文献
225.
针对沼液特点开发pH值调节(pH 10.2)旋蒸浓缩(去除氨氮和挥发性生物胺)联合3K Millipore超滤离心分离的预处理方法.并以邻苯二甲醛(OPA)和氯甲酸芴甲酯(FMOC-Cl)为柱前衍生化试剂,结合反向高效液相色谱和荧光检测分析,对沼液中溶解游离氨基酸(DFAA)进行了定性和定量考察.该方法保证了各氨基酸在一定浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系(R2均大于0.99),标准样品中所选用的24种氨基酸,除谷氨酸回收率为70.5%外,其它氨基酸回收率为89%~115%,相对标准偏差为1.1%~5.0%.用所建立的方法对样品中溶解游离氨基酸的测定结果为:原料即剩余污泥中的溶解游离氨基酸量为2.0mol/L,5%和20%含固率反应器的沼液中的溶解游离氨基酸量分别为0.04mol/L和1.94mol/L,且种类不同,初步表明了不同厌氧消化反应系统中氨基酸的利用和产生机制的差异. 相似文献
226.
Variation in humic and fulvic acids during thermal sludge treatment assessed by size fractionation,elementary analysis,and spectroscopic methods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Thermal pretreatment can be applied to sludge anaerobic digestion or dewatering. To analyze the variation in humic substances during thermal sludge treatment, sludge humic and fulvic acids were extracted before and after 30-min thermal treatment at 180℃, and then their contents, molecular weight distributions, elementary compositions, and spectral characteristics were compared. The results showed that the total contents of humic and fulvic acids in the sludge almost remained constant during thermal treatment, but 35% ofhumic and fulvic acids were dissolved from the sludge solids. Moreover, both humic and fulvic acids were partly decomposed and 32% of humic acids were converted to fulvic acids. The median value of the molecular weights of humic acids decreased from 81 to 41 kDa and that of fulvic acids decreased from 15 to 2 kDa. Besides the reduction in molecular size, the chemical structures of humic and fulvic acids also exhibited a slight change, i.e. some oxygen functional groups disappeared and aromatic structures increased after thermal sludge treatment. 相似文献
227.
Tobacco products and cigarette smoke cause many respiratory diseases including cancer. 4-(Methyl nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent carcinogen in cigarette smoke, but its effect on lipid metabolism remains enigmatic. Hence, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was exposed to different concentrations of NNK (0–400?µmol?L?1) to elucidate its role in lipid metabolism. Exposure to NNK substantially decreases (about 60%) of the phospholipid content with a concomitant increase in lysophospholipids. Significant reduction was observed in the phosphatidylcholine followed by phosphatidylethanolamine with NNK-treated cells. On the contrary, cells accumulated significant amount of neutral lipids and free fatty acids. Exposure of yeast cells (wild-type cells and three plbΔ mutant strains) to NNK greatly enhances the hydrolysis of phospholipid in the presence of calcium. We are the first to report that exposure to NNK enhances phospholipase B (PLB), particularly plb1p activity. Furthermore, NNK also promotes the alteration of phospholipid fatty acid (FA) content. These results suggest that NNK aids in the degradation of phospholipids by enhanced PLB activity and is accompanied with FA alteration. Understanding the altered phospholipid metabolism in the presence of NNK remains a worthy pursuit. 相似文献
228.
Increasing environmental pollution in the tropics is creating a breeding ground for mosquitoes, leading to increasingly frequent use of insecticides to combat home infestation of mosquitoes, the vector of malarial parasites. Household members are therefore more prone to aerosol exposure and subsequent health effects. We assessed the hepatotoxic and clastogenic effects in rats exposed to different levels of aerosols of one of the insecticides most commonly in used in Nigeria. There were significant (p?0.05) increases in mean relative liver weights and liver cell counts per mm2 in the groups of rats exposed to the aerosols when compared with the control group. In addition, rats exposed to the insecticide aerosols have elevated activities of serum enzymes: γ-glutamyl transferase, aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase, as well as number of micronuclei scored in the bone marrow, at levels that are significantly (p?0.05) different from the values observed for control group. These findings suggest that the aerosols induce an increase in the liver weight through cell proliferations and show that the insecticide is hepatotoxic and clastogenic in rats. Health risks may therefore be associated with long-term exposure to the insecticide aerosols in humans. 相似文献
229.
Seong-Uk Wui 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(4):725-731
In order to assess the effects of detergents on a microcosm system several types of detergents (anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amino acid detergents) were tested. Data showed growth perturbations in the microcosm, indicating that these detergents affected the microcosm. The potential use of growth perturbations of microcosm by addition of detergents as a biomarker of exposure is described. 相似文献
230.
对富营养化水体常见浮游植物进行了分离和培养,测定了其磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)。同时,检测了惠州西湖浮游植物的磷脂脂肪酸;结合惠州西湖浮游植物群落组成数据,分析了浮游植物磷脂脂肪酸特征及其与浮游植物群落结构的关系。结果表明:结合PLFA与细胞丰度和生物量的分析,α-亚麻酸(18:3ω3)的质量浓度与蓝藻(除湖丝藻外)呈正相关;二十碳四烯酸ARA(20:4ω6)和二十二碳六烯酸DHA(22:6ω3)的质量浓度与硅藻呈正相关;二十碳五烯酸EPA(20:5ω3)和16:3ω3的质量浓度与绿藻呈正相关等,其中16:3ω3为绿藻门独有的脂肪酸。这些均与室内实验得到的结果相符合。本研究表明,磷脂脂肪酸可以作为生物标志物来分析浮游植物组成,它将是一种可行的研究浮游植物群落结构的新方法。 相似文献