炼油厂含锌高浓度氨氮废水汽提性能研究

分析了含锌高浓度氨氮废水和催化裂化含硫废水的水质,将两种废水混合进行一定的调配后,使其中重金属污染物以ZnS的形式沉淀并过滤出来,Zn2+的去除率达9999%;过滤液进入汽提装置以去除其中的氨氮和硫,重点对该废水的汽提性能作了考察。     

液氨事故泄漏环境风险评价定量分析

结合广州某化工企业建设项目的环境影响评价工作,展开了液氨储罐泄漏的环境风险评价定量分析。通过对液氨泄漏后进入环境后的相关行为特征的分析,对所产生的氨气团扩展范围及其危险半径进行了定量模拟计算。计算表明,本项目的事故泄漏危害是较为严重的,液氨泄漏速度为49．34kg/s,闪蒸蒸发速度约为11kg／s,热量蒸发速度为约76．76kg／s,质量蒸发速度约为0．06kg／s,距球罐350m范围内均应撤离人群。上述环境事故后果计算结果为液氨储罐突发性泄漏事故的应急处理和决策提供了科学依据。     

微量NO2下完全自营养脱氮动力学及运行优化

采用间歇试验研究了微量NO2氛围下,好氧、厌氧氨氧化复合颗粒污泥动力学特性.结果表明,微量NO2能提高O2反应活性,强化好氧氨氧化过程.反应动力学可用Andrews方程描述,NO2半饱和系数和抑制系数分别为1.32,7.11μmol/L.NO2强化厌氧氨氧化过程动力学模型中最大强化系数为43.5,NO2半饱和系数和抑制系数分别为16.9,0.348μmol/L,基础速率系数为0.024.建立了NO2强化完全自营养脱氮动力学模型,并对EGSB反应器中脱氮过程进行了模拟,当DO为0.6mg/L,NO2为3.0μmol/L时,总氮去除率达最大值.根据模拟结果优化反应器运行条件,总氮去除率由26.86%~31.65%提高到58.83%~63.08%,总氮平均去除速率由0.113 kg/(m3·d)提高到0.234kg/(m3·d).     

人工湿地生物沸石快速吸附-再生性能与再生机理研究

在填充生物沸石和石灰石的强化硝化模拟人工湿地中,考察了生物沸石快速吸附-再生动态平衡性能和生物沸石再生的机理.研究结果表明,生物沸石模拟人工湿地中硝化作用明显,产生的氧化态氮主要为硝氮,平均浓度为106.31 mg·L~(-1)(大于吸附去除的氨氮浓度).模拟人工湿地出水中的金属阳离子主要为Na+和Ca~(2+),30 d后Ca~(2+)浓度大于Na+浓度.生物沸石的再生是离子交换释放氨氮和微生物协同作用的结果.石灰石缓慢释放的Ca~(2+)可促进生物沸石再生,生物沸石与石灰石投加量的最佳质量比为5∶1.生物沸石再生过程中,微生物起主导作用.     

不同材料包埋固定化厌氧氨氧化混培物

为探寻一条维持反应器中厌氧氨氧化混培物生物量的新途径,采用CMC、PVA、SA以及PVA.SA混合液等为包埋材料.对厌氧氨氧化混培物进行包埋固定,制成固定化小球.结果表明,4种包埋固定化小球均表现出较高的厌氧氨氧化活性,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别达到100%和96%～98%,其中氨氯、亚硝酸盐氮去除量和硝酸盐氮生成量的比值在1:(1.142～1.252):(0.200～0.365)之间.4种包埋固定化小球的厌氧氨氧化活性排序为CMC小球>SA小球>PVA-SA小球>PVA小球.机械性能排序为PVA-SA小球>PVA小球>SA小球>CMC小球.PVA小球粘连现象严重,成球效果最差.综合评价PVA-SA为最佳的固定化材料.     

一种沉淀法处理生活垃圾渗滤液的研究

生活垃圾渗滤液来源于生活垃圾的含水和地表径流和地下水的浸入。渗滤液是一种高浓度的有机废水。与工业废物一起填埋的垃圾渗滤液中还含有较多的重金属,垃圾浸滤液一旦控制不当,将会污染地下水,甚至对人体健康造成危害。目前研究垃圾浸滤液的方法已经成为水处理研究的热点,但研究生活垃圾浸出液中氨氮的去除比较少。本文首先介绍研究磷酸铵镁沉淀去除氨氮的原理,接下来讨论了磷酸铵镁沉淀法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮的各种因素,分析了各种最佳条件的形成。在去除氨氮同时,对重金属也有很好的去除效果。磷酸铵镁沉淀法去除氨氮同时形成的是一种重要复合肥料。MAP法可降低垃圾渗滤液中COD浓度,改善其可生化性,并具有对NH3-N去除率高,无二次污染,受温度影响很小等特点。     

Turnover and loss of nitrogenous compounds during composting of food wastes

Few people have so far explored into the research of the dynamics of various nitrogenous compounds (including water-soluble nitrogen) in composting of food wastes. This study aimed to investigate the solid-phase nitrogen, water-soluble nitrogen, nitrogen loss together with ammonia volatilization in the process of food wastes composting. A laboratory scale static aerobic reactor in the experiment was employed in the composting process of a synthetic food waste, in which sawdust was used as the litter amendment. In the experiment, oxygen was supplied by continuous forced ventilation for 15 days. The results have shown that the concentrations of total nitrogen and organic nitrogen decrease significantly in the composting process, whereas NH₄ ⁺-N concentration increases together with little fluctuation in NO₃ ⁻-N. After composting, the total content of the water-soluble nitrogen compounds in the compost greatly increased, the total nitrogen loss amounted to 50% of the initial nitrogen, mainly attributed to ammonia volatilization. 56.7% of the total ammonia volatilization occurred in the middle and late composting of the thermophilic stage. This suggested that the control at the middle and late composting of thermophilic stage is the key to nitrogen loss in the food waste compost. __________ Translated from Environmental Science and Technology, 2006, 29(12): 54–56, IV–V [译自: 环境科学与技术]     

杉木对炭疽病的抗性与苯丙氨酸解氨酶的关系

接种前的杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）针叶中，苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）比活力与抗感病性之间不呈规律性相关。不同抗病性的杉木接种炭疽菌（Glomerella cingulata）后，PAL比活力均上升，接种5d后，抗病性强的杉木PAL比活力比抗病性弱的杉木高，接种前以及接种后的各个时间段内，木质素含量都是抗病杉木比感病杉木高。绿原酸的含量与杉木的抗病性之间不呈规律性的相关，从绿原酸对炭疽菌菌丝生长影响的测定结果可知，杉木针叶的绿原酸浓度不足以构成对炭疽菌的影响。可见，接种后针叶的PAL比活力以及接种前、后针叶的木质素含量可作为衡量杉木抗病性的指标。图3表2参14     

复合生物滤池处理H2S和NH3的挂膜与工艺条件

采用复合生物滤池(生物滴滤池 生物过滤池)处理H2S和NH3组成的混合恶臭气体,填料分别为经表面改性的天然斜发沸石和木屑.实验研究了该工艺的驯化挂膜情况和主要工艺条件,结果表明,天然斜发沸石和木屑改性后,驯化挂膜周期为10～14 d,比文献中颗粒活性炭挂膜缩短14～18 d.复合生物滤池的最佳工艺条件为:高度120 cm,循环液流量4.56 L/h.同时,生物滴滤池处理水溶性好的NH3气体效果较生物过滤池好,而生物过滤池处理水溶性差的H2S气体较生物滴滤池好.因此,复合生物滤池可用于处理不同水溶性的混合恶臭气体.     

Methane emissions of differently fed dairy cows and corresponding methane and nitrogen emissions from their manure during storage

This study investigated the effects of supplementing 40 g lauric acid (C₁₂) kg^-1 dry matter (DM) in feed on methane emissions from early-lactating dairy cows and the associated effects on methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia release from the manure during storage. Stearic acid (C₁₈), a fatty acid without assumed methane-suppressing potential in the digestive tract of ruminants, was added at 40 g kg^-1 DM to a control diet. The complete feed consisted of forage and concentrate in a ratio of 1.5:1 (DM basis). The manure was stored for 14 weeks either as complete slurry or, separately, as urine-rich slurry and farmyard manure representing two common storage systems. Methane release of the cows, as measured in respiratory chambers, was lower with C₁₂ by about 20%, but this was mostly resulting from a reduced feed intake and, partly, from a lower rate of fibre digestion. As milk yield declined less than feed intake, methane emission per kg of milk was significantly lower with C₁₂ (11.4 g) than with C₁₈ (14.0 g). Faeces of C₁₂-fed cows had a higher proportion of undigested fibre and accordingly methane release from their manure was higher compared with the manure obtained from the C₁₈-fed cows. Overall, manure-derived methane accounted for8.2% and 15.4% of total methane after 7 and 14 weeks of storage, respectively. The evolution of methane widely differed between manure types and dietary treatments, with a retarded onset of release in complete slurry particularly in the C₁₂ treatment. Emissions of nitrous oxide were lower in the manures from the C₁₂ treatment. This partially compensated for the higher methane release from the C₁₂ manure with respect to the greenhouse gas potential. The total greenhouse gas potential (cow and manure together) accounted for 8.7 and 10.5 kg equivalents of CO₂ cow^-1 d^-1with C₁₂ and C₁₈, respectively. At unaffected urine-N proportion ammonia and total nitrogen losses from stored manure were lower with C₁₂ than with C₁₈ corresponding to the differences in feed and nitrogen intake. The present results suggest that manure storage significantly contributes to total methane emission from dairy husbandry, and that the identification of effective dietary mitigation strategies has to consider both the digestive tract of the animals and the corresponding manure.