德国分散式污水处理系统微生物群落结构及功能

以德国分散式污水处理系统为研究对象,通过16S rRNA测序,研究2个反应器中微生物群落结构,利用PICRUSt软件对其功能进行推演.结果表明,冬季,污水厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）内温度20℃,进水COD 712mg/L时,出水可获得52%的COD平均去除率,产气率为122L/kgCOD;固体废物厌氧反应器（PSD）内温度37℃,反应器内COD 3007mg/L时,可获得374L/kgVSS的产气率.2个反应器具有相似的微生物组成,对细菌,Synerigistaceae科的相对丰度最高（AnMBR：24.0%±10.0%;PSD：11.0%±3.1%）;对古菌,Methanobacteriaceae科的相对丰度最高（AnMBR：0.6%±0.3%;PSD：13.8%±1.8%）;2个反应器的功能基因组成也相似,产甲烷都以H₂还原CO₂的通路为主.PSD反应器中H₂还原CO₂通路相关基因、F420合成相关基因、辅酶M合成相关基因的相对丰度都高于AnMBR反应器.     

Characterization of bacterial community and iron corrosion in drinking water distribution systems with O3-biological activated carbon treatment

Bacterial community structure and iron corrosion were investigated for simulated drinking water distribution systems(DWDSs) composed of annular reactors incorporating three different treatments: ozone, biologically activated carbon and chlorination(O_3-BAC-Cl_2);ozone and chlorination(O3-Cl_2); or chlorination alone(Cl_2). The lowest corrosion rate and iron release, along with more Fe_3O_4 formation, occurred in DWDSs with O_3-BAC-Cl_2 compared to those without a BAC filter. It was verified that O_3-BAC influenced the bacterial community greatly to promote the relative advantage of nitrate-reducing bacteria(NRB)in DWDSs. Moreover, the advantaged NRB induced active Fe(III) reduction coupled to Fe(II) oxidation, enhancing Fe_3O_4 formation and inhibiting corrosion. In addition, O_3-BAC pretreatment could reduce high-molecular-weight fractions of dissolved organic carbon effectively to promote iron particle aggregation and inhibit further iron release. Our findings indicated that the O_3-BAC treatment, besides removing organic pollutants in water, was also a good approach for controlling cast iron corrosion and iron release in DWDSs.     

不同基质配比对农村生活垃圾厌氧发酵效率及稳定性的影响

以典型农村生活垃圾餐厨垃圾(Food Waste,FW)与纸类垃圾(Paper Waste,PW)为基质,通过中温(35℃)批次厌氧共发酵试验,探明不同配比的基质在厌氧共发酵4阶段(水解阶段、酸化阶段、乙酸化阶段、产甲烷阶段)的动力学特性,再结合挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile fatty acids,VFAs)在系统运行过程中的变化,确定FW与PW的最佳配比。结果表明,水解阶段是纸类垃圾的主要限速步骤,而VFAs积累限制了餐厨垃圾甲烷化进程的提高,且VFAs积累主要以丙酸与丁酸为主。当w(FW)≥35%时,产甲烷速率随VFAs质量浓度增大而线性减小,过高的VFAs质量浓度抑制了产甲烷菌的活性。FW与PW最佳基质配比为35∶65(质量比),在此条件下反应速率最为突出,系统运行高效,VFAs能及时被产甲烷菌利用,无有机酸积累,系统运行平稳。     

中温碱解预处理促进剩余污泥厌氧产甲烷的研究

采用4 mol/L NaO H碱液在中温下处理城市生活污水处理厂剩余污泥6 h,对比原剩余污泥和中温碱解污泥厌氧消化产甲烷的能力,分析了中温碱解及厌氧消化过程中剩余污泥胞内物质的释放规律,结果表明:碱解预处理有效促进了有机物、氨氮的释放,对磷酸盐释放促进作用不明显。原剩余污泥的沼气转化效率为387.5 L/kg(以VS计,下同),中温碱解处理组的沼气转化效率为402.5 L/kg;中温碱解处理组沼气转化效率比原剩余污泥组高3.87%;中温碱解预处理提高了污泥减量化程度及甲烷产量。改进的Gompertz模型结果表明:碱解处理后剩余污泥最大甲烷产量为1 480.7 mL,最大产甲烷速率为77.8 mL/d,细菌产甲烷的延迟时间为3.38 d。     

厌氧消化对城市污泥中多环芳烃(PAHs)降解及分配的影响研究

多环芳烃(PAHs)是城市污泥中的一类主要污染物。对城市污泥低温预处理(75℃,60 min)后,研究厌氧消化对城市污泥中PAHs的降解及其在污泥固液相中的分配。结果表明:预处理前后,厌氧消化对菲的降解率分别为19.18%、25.24%,对苯并芘的降解率分别为16.14%、23.98%,可见预处理有利于PAHs的降解率提高。预处理后污泥液相中PAHs的含量增加,并使EPS向液相释放,导致液相中TOC含量显著增加。厌氧消化过程中,液相中菲、苯并芘含量与TOC含量呈正相关。     

环保菌剂应用于焦化废水处理中试

以河北省某煤化工企业污水处理车间缺氧池出水为处理对象,通过添加自行研发的环保菌剂,考察其对实际焦化废水COD去除效果;利用聚合酶链式反应和变性梯度凝胶电泳联合技术(PCR-DGGE)分析添加环保菌剂前后生化系统中污泥微生物群落的变化。研究表明:通过添加环保菌剂,中试系统出水COD平均去除率比活性污泥系统提高了18%;PCR-DGGE结果显示,经过菌剂强化后的生化系统中污泥微生物的种类更加丰富,优势微生物由原先的14种增加到了23种。     

预处理对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响研究进展

对餐厨垃圾进行厌氧消化处理可以有效规避填埋和焚烧等传统方式带来的环境污染风险,实现餐厨垃圾的资源化和无害化,但餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的水解步骤通常被认为是整个厌氧消化的限速步骤。一些物理、化学、生物和复合的预处理手段,可以达到减小餐厨垃圾颗粒粒径和增强可溶性的目的,进而促进餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化。通过阐述各种餐厨垃圾预处理原理,总结其对厌氧消化的影响,并提出了未来餐厨垃圾厌氧消化预处理的发展方向。     

Differences in nitrite-oxidizing communities and kinetics in a brackish environment after enrichment at low and high nitrite concentrations

Nitrite accumulation in shrimp ponds can pose serious adverse effects to shrimp production and the environment.This study aims to develop an effective process for the enrichment of ready-to-use nitrite-oxidizing bacteria(NOB)inocula that would be appropriate for nitrite removal in brackish shrimp ponds.To achieve this objective,the effects of nitrite concentrations on NOB communities and nitrite oxidation kinetics in a brackish environment were investigated.Moving-bed biofilm sequencing batch reactors and continuous moving-bed biofilm reactors were used for the enrichment of NOB at various nitrite concentrations,using sediment from brackish shrimp ponds as seed inoculum.The results from NOB population analysis with quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR)show that only Nitrospira were detected in the sediment from the shrimp ponds.After the enrichment,both Nitrospira and Nitrobacter coexisted in the reactors controlling effluent nitrite at 0.1 and 0.5 mg-NO_2~--N/L.On the other hand,in the reactors controlling effluent nitrite at 3,20,and 100 mg-NO_2~--N/L,Nitrobacter outcompeted Nitrospira in many orders of magnitude.The half saturation coefficients(Ks)for nitrite oxidation of the enrichments at low nitrite concentrations(0.1 and 0.5 mg-NO_2~--N/L)were in the range of 0.71–0.98 mg-NO_2~--N/L.In contrast,the Ksvalues of NOB enriched at high nitrite concentrations(3,20,and 100 mg-NO_2~--N/L)were much higher(8.36–12.20 mg-NO_2~--N/L).The results suggest that the selection of nitrite concentrations for the enrichment of NOB inocula can significantly influence NOB populations and kinetics,which could affect the effectiveness of their applications in brackish shrimp ponds.     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的培养及影响因素

在EGSB反应器中快速启动厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺,总氮去除速率为0.931±0.006 kg/(m~3·d),总氮去除效率为90.5%±0.8%。培养得到厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥和絮状污泥混合物,污泥平均粒径为307.5μm。高质量浓度的NO_2~-(143.25 mg/L)抑制厌氧氨氧化菌活性;N_2H_4可强化厌氧氨氧化,但高质量浓度的N_2H_4抑制厌氧氨氧化菌活性;短期添加丙酸盐(COD质量浓度0~400 mg/L)对厌氧氨氧化速率几乎无影响;厌氧氨氧化速率随Fe~(3+)浓度(0~1.2 mmol/L)的增加而增加。