安全经济学应用原理及新观点

安全经济学理论急需加速发展,才能适应新时期安全发展的新需要。论文运用理论研究和逻辑思辨方法,依据从实践到理论的原则,在简述有关安全经济学核心原理的基础上,归纳出安全经济问题的人性假设原理、现实安全经济问题的时空边际预设原理等14条安全经济学应用原理及一些推论,并基于安全经济学应用原理提出了安全是一种资源并可引申为一种等效生产要素、资本或产品的新观点。研究结果对发展安全经济学理论和创新安全管理模式等具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

城市用地扩张、规模经济与经济增长质量

城市用地扩张不仅影响经济增长数量,还通过产业结构升级、城市化、生态环境变化和规模经济等路径影响区域经济增长质量。城市用地扩张,促进市场范围扩大,有利于区域内与区域间开展分工合作,提升城市的集聚经济效益与规模经济水平;但若城市用地扩张使区域突破最优规模经济状态后,因管理与服务成本、交通成本和环境成本等快速增加,城市规模效率会下降,对经济增长质量产生负影响。实证研究结果表明:在全国、中部和西部地区3个空间维度,城市用地扩张与规模效率间存在倒U型关系,而在东部地区此关系并不成立;在4个空间维度,城市用地扩张通过规模经济路径对全要素生产率的影响都为负,表明城市用地扩张已使各区域突破最优规模经济状态,土地要素投入存在冗余现象,与资本、劳动等要素配置比例非最优。研究结果还表明,人力资本、城市化、产业结构升级、基础设施等变量对经济增长质量有正影响。     

北京市城市河流中精神活性物质的污染水平及环境风险

为评价北京市城市河流地表水体中5种精神活性物质〔METH(甲基苯丙胺)、AMP(苯丙胺)、KET(氯胺酮)、EPH(麻黄碱)和HA(羟亚胺)〕的环境风险,通过对固相萃取柱(Oasis HLB、Oasis MCX、Oasis WAX和Oasis PRiME HLB)类型、水样酸化、洗脱剂类型及体积等条件的确定,建立了同时测定水环境中精神活性物质的固相萃取-液相色谱-质谱(SPE-LC-MS/MS)联用方法,并对北京市城市河流地表水体中5种精神活性物质的质量浓度水平进行了调查,采用RQ(风险熵)法进行了风险评价. 结果表明,在水样未酸化条件下,Oasis MCX柱对精神活性物质的回收率最高,使用含5%(V/V)氨水的甲醇作为洗脱液,5种精神活性物质的回收率可以达到81.8%~91.1%. 地表水水体基质加标结果表明,5种精神活性物质的加标回收率均大于75.5%,相对标准偏差均小于10.0%. 方法检出限为0.30~0.80 ng/L,定量限为1.00~2.68 ng/L. 北京市7条城市河流中5种精神活性物质的质量浓度在1.00~99.51 ng/L之间. EPH在所有采样点均被检出且质量浓度较高,ρ(EPH)平均值为22.79 ng/L;ρ(AMP)相对较低,在1.54~11.23 ng/L之间,但AMP检出率为97.06%;ρ(METH)较高,平均值为14.63 ng/L,最高值(99.51 ng/L)出现在坝河. 研究显示,北京市地表水中5种精神活性物质的RQ均小于0.1,表明其可能的环境风险较低,但由于精神活性物质本身具有生物活性,它们对城市河流水生生态系统产生的潜在危害不容忽视.      

A data-driven allocation tool for in-kind resources distributed by a state health department

Objective: The objective of this study was to leverage a state health department's operational data to allocate in-kind resources (children's car seats) to counties, with the proposition that need-based allocation could ultimately improve public health outcomes.

Methods: This study used a retrospective analysis of administrative data on car seats distributed to counties statewide by the Georgia Department of Public Health and development of a need-based allocation tool (presented as interactive supplemental digital content, adaptable to other types of in-kind public health resources) that relies on current county-level injury and sociodemographic data.

Results: Car seat allocation using public health data and a need-based formula resulted in substantially different recommended allocations to individual counties compared to historic distribution.

Conclusions: Results indicate that making an in-kind public health resource like car seats universally available results in a less equitable distribution of that resource compared to deliberate allocation according to public health need. Public health agencies can use local data to allocate in-kind resources consistent with health objectives; that is, in a manner offering the greatest potential health impact. Future analysis can determine whether the change to a more equitable allocation of resources is also more efficient, resulting in measurably improved public health outcomes.     

主体功能区划下经济-人口协调障碍及对策研究

通过对影响我国经济-人口协调的主要因素进行分析，找出在人口系统福利与经济系统福利方面的冲突环节和发展障碍，从市场体制、人口管理体制、财税体制、领导干部政绩评价制度等方面寻找成因，提出切实可行的对策建议，为我国主体功能区经济-人口协调发展提供参考。     

Application of the Anthropogenic Allee Effect Model to Trophy Hunting as a Conservation Tool

Trophy hunting can provide economic incentives to conserve wild species, but it can also involve risk when rare species are hunted. The anthropogenic Allee effect (AAE) is a conceptual model that seeks to explain how rarity may spread the seeds of further endangerment. The AAE model has increasingly been invoked in the context of trophy hunting, increasing concerns that such hunting may undermine rather than enhance conservation efforts. We question the appropriateness of uncritically applying the AAE model to trophy hunting for 4 reasons. First, the AAE assumes an open‐access resource, which is a poor characterization of most trophy‐hunting programs and obscures the potential for state, communal, or private‐property use rights to generate positive incentives for conservation. Second, study results that show the price of hunting increases as the rarity of the animal increases are insufficient to indicate the presence of AAE. Third, AAE ignores the existence of biological and behavioral factors operating in most trophy‐hunting contexts that tend to regulate the effect of hunting. We argue that site‐specific data, rather than aggregated hunting statistics, are required to demonstrate that patterns of unsustainable exploitation can be well explained by an AAE model. Instead, we suggest that conservation managers seeking to investigate and identify constraints that limit the potential conservation role of trophy hunting, should focus on the critical governance characteristics that shape the potential conservation role of trophy hunting, such as corruption, insecure property rights, and inadequate sharing of benefits with local people. Aplicación del Modelo Antropogénico del Efecto Allee sobre la Caza de Trofeos como una Herramienta de Conservación     

Meeting report

SUMMARY

In many developing countries, the determination of a ranking of investments designed to improve and extend the road system is a commonplace prerequisite of planning for the transport sector as a whole and the road sub-sector within it. A major objective of determining investment priorities is to secure the greatest efficiency in the use of resources allocated to the sector and, for this reason, any system of assigning priorities must rely upon conventional investment appraisal techniques producing quantifiable measures of worth. Exercises of this kind, in which road investments are identified and ranked, are usually undertaken to produce a road sector investment plan. The implementation of such plans is, however, often compromised because of perceived deficiencies with a methodology which places undue reliance on investment appraisal and fails to properly address the issue of public interest and sustainability. This paper attempts to produce a pragmatic set of ground rules which, while mindful of the need to promote economic efficiency, allow for other factors to be embraced in a more holistic methodology.     

New Institutional Mechanism in China Facilitating the Global Sustainability—Environment to Be Counted in Officials' Performance Rating

Abstract

Having argued the importance of China's sustainable development in global sustainability, the authors review the achievements of China in sustainable development, especially its institutional construction. Environment to be counted in official's political performance rating system is thought of as a new institutional mechanism in China facilitating its sustainable development and then global sustainability. Then its significance is narrated and visions in future are envisioned. In the end, certain concrete suggestions for the rating system are given in a practical way.     

A Transactions Cost Approach to the Theoretical Foundations of Water Markets1

Abstract: Water marketing is often cited as a means of alleviating the stresses attached to allocation of water use. Frequently, marketing is suggested in a context that implies substitution of competitive markets for the allocation based on the prior appropriation doctrine. This study examines water marketing from the perspective of a transactions cost approach to the private and broad social agreements (contracts) that support water allocation. It examines the major behavioral challenges faced by any contract, and the alternative approaches to those challenges, with respect to water allocation. It also examines the impact of market design on the existence of externalities, costs imposed by transactions on society and individuals not party to the transaction. It finds that the most robust water market designs will be found in systems with sufficient property rights protection to support investment, sufficient hydrologic information to provide accurate analysis of third party effects, conjunctive management of surface and groundwater, and a governance structure capable of administering the rules while not determining outcomes.     

Conservation Biology in Asia: the Major Policy Challenges

Abstract:  With about half the world's human population and booming economies, Asia faces numerous challenges to its biodiversity. The Asia Section of the Society for Conservation Biology has identified some key policy issues in which significant progress can be made. These include developing new sources of funding for forest conservation; identifying potential impacts of energy alternatives on the conservation of biodiversity; curbing the trade in endangered species of plants and animals; a special focus on the conservation of mountain biodiversity; enhancing relevant research; ensuring that conservation biology contributes to major international conventions and funding mechanisms; using conservation biology to build a better understanding of zoonotic diseases; more effectively addressing human–animal conflicts; enhancing community-based conservation; and using conservation biology to help address the pervasive water-deficit problems in much of Asia. These challenges can be met through improved regional cooperation among the relevant stakeholders .