中小型水库库区生态安全性综合评价

从库区生物环境,地质与气候环境和人类工程活动三个准则考虑建立了库区系统生态安全性评价指标体系,并采用层次分析和模糊评价有机结合的综合方法对库区系统生态安全进行综合评价。以四川中江县黄鹿水库为例进行的综合评价表明生态安全隶属于“安全”的程度最大,通过综合评价中间结果的计算分析,找出导致生态危险的薄弱因素是人类活动影响较大。     

A LOW COST DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR SMALL FARMERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1

ABSTRACT: In areas where water is scarce, drip irrigation provides the most efficient way to conserve irrigation water, but its cost of £1000 an acre is prohibitive for most small farmers in developing countries. The cost was reduced by 90 percent by (1) making dripper lines moveable, so that each line reaches ten rows instead of one; (2) replacing 25-cent emitters with simple 0.70 mm holes punched by a heated needle; and (3) using £3.00 off-the-shelf 20 liter containers with cloth filters in place of expensive filter systems. This reduced the cost of a half-acre system to £50. The low cost system was field tested in the hill areas of Nepal, and in mulberry cultivation in Andhra Pradesh, India. Uniformity of flow from emitters was 73–84 percent. Small farmers reported that the low cost trickle irrigation system cut labor requirements in half, and doubled the area irrigated by the same amount of water. The low cost drip system is likely to be widely adopted by small farmers in semi-arid and hilly regions.     

大气中羰基化合物GC/MS分析方法

介绍了一种灵敏度高、可靠并且能同时检测大气中20种羰基化合物(C1～C10)的分析方法.该方法是采用涂布PFPH(衍生剂)的Tenax TA作为固体吸附剂采集大气样品,然后再经过溶剂洗脱和气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分离检测的一项分析技术.校正曲线的可决系数(R2)、检测限(LOD)、平行样标准偏差(RSD,n=6)、回收率分别为0.995～1.00,0.15～1.04ng·m-3,7.3%～15.8%和92.7%～109.2%.该方法成功地应用到对大气中羰基化合物的定量检测.对羰基化合物浓度的日变化分析表明,上海大气中羰基化合物浓度变化与大气光化学反应的强弱有密切关系.     

21世纪矿产资源经济展望

简要阐明了矿产资源经济、矿产经济和矿业经济基本概念和相互关系 ,在对我国内外矿产资源特点与需求分析基础上 ,探讨了21世纪矿产资源经济的基本问题 ,提出我国21世纪的矿产资源勘查评价的科学问题。     

污染土壤和底泥中可提取态有机卤化物的分析方法研究

选用甲苯／正已烷、丙酮／正已烷两种混合溶剂作为污染土壤和底泥中可提取态有机卤化物的提取剂，与乙酸乙脂作为提取剂进行三种溶剂超声法提取效率的比较，采用微库仑法进行测定方法改进的研究。实验结果表明，采用1：9的丙酮／正乙烷混合溶剂的提取效率较高，其平均回收率与乙酸乙脂法接近，而且回收率范围比乙酸乙脂法波动更小。以1：9的丙酮／正已烷混合溶剂作为提取剂的方法还表明：无机可溶性卤化物对EOX测定不产生干扰，分析方法的最低检出浓度范围为0．1－0．4mg(Cl)/kg，测定范围为0－250．00mg(Cl)/kg，添加标准样品的相对标准偏差为3．38％－5．09％。     

水体中金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的环境行为与污染控制研究进展

金属(氧化物)纳米材料在生产和使用过程中,可以通过各种途径进入到水环境中,对水生生物、生态环境和人体健康产生威胁.理解纳米颗粒在水体中的环境行为,对于评估纳米材料的归趋及其对环境和人体的健康风险至关重要.本文概述了金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的性质、来源和毒性危害,汇总了表征纳米颗粒浓度、粒径及形貌的分析方法与技术,分析了它...     

模糊物元模型在湿地水体污染评价中的应用

物元分析是用来处理在某些条件下用通常的方法无法解释的不相容问题的一种分析方法。文章以扎龙湿地水体中重金属污染评估为例,针对8个监测断面的5种重金属指标(锰、锌、铜、铬、砷)污染现状,用熵权法来确定指标的权重,构建模糊物元模型,用以实现水质的等级评价和监测样点排序,结果表明:扎龙湿地不同监测位点污染程度从重到轻递减顺序如下:东升水库>林甸排污口>核心区仙鹤湖>翁海排干>克钦湖>龙湖>特勒桥>龙安桥。湿地水源入口和核心区污染重金属污染严重,湿地的功能分区未能起到实质效果,湿地核心区未得到合理的保护。     

全自动烷基汞分析仪测定水中烷基汞的方法研究

建立了全自动烷基汞分析仪测定水中的烷基汞(甲基汞,乙基汞)的方法.实验中衍生化反应所用的试剂为含有2.0 mol/L醋酸缓冲液,1%(g/v)NaBEt4(四乙基硼化钠)和1%(g/v)NaBPr4(四丙基硼化钠)的2%(g/v)氢氧化钾-水溶液,经衍生化的水样直接吹扫捕集后,进入气相色谱柱中分离并高温裂解,最后进入冷原子荧光检测器(CVAFS)中检测甲基汞和乙基汞的含量.甲基汞和乙基汞的方法检出限分别为0.002 ng/L和0.005 ng/L.     

一个能够优化边坡安全稳定系数计算的解析式

简化Bishop法是工程界分析边坡安全稳定性应用最普遍的极限平衡方法,通过三角函数积分得到均质边坡简化Bishop法稳定系数解析式,将该积分式用于边坡分析,不仅可以节省计算工作量,还可以得到安全稳定系数最精确解。     

Geography of conservation spending,biodiversity, and culture

We used linear and multivariate models to examine the associations between geography, biodiversity, per capita economic output, national spending on conservation, governance, and cultural traits in 55 countries. Cultural traits and social metrics of modernization correlated positively with national spending on conservation. The global distribution of this spending culture was poorly aligned with the distribution of biodiversity. Specifically, biodiversity was greater in the tropics where cultures tended to spend relatively less on conservation and tended to have higher collectivism, formalized and hierarchical leadership, and weaker governance. Consequently, nations lacking social traits frequently associated with modernization, environmentalism, and conservation spending have the largest component of Earth's biodiversity. This has significant implications for setting policies and priorities for resource management given that biological diversity is rapidly disappearing and cultural traits change slowly. Therefore, we suggest natural resource management adapt to and use characteristics of existing social organization rather than wait for or promote social values associated with conservation spending. Supporting biocultural traditions, engaging leaders to increase conservation commitments, cross‐national efforts that complement attributes of cultures, and avoiding interference with nature may work best to conserve nature in collective and hierarchical societies. Spending in modernized nations may be a symbolic response to a symptom of economic development and environmental degradation, and here conservation actions need to ensure that biodiversity is not being lost.