长江三角洲各城市综合实力的主成分分析

运用主成分分析方法,通过建立一套涵盖5个层次16个方面共34个指标的城市指标体系, 对长江三角洲15个城市的综合实力进行计算和比较。运用SPSS10．0统计软件对上述指标进行标准化处理,用方差最大法正交旋转,并通过载荷 系数分析得出六个主成分。将各主成分得分结合主成分权数进行综合计算得出各城市的综合得分,按得分由高到低依次是上海、南京、杭州、苏州、无锡、宁波、镇江、绍兴、常州、南通、扬州、泰州、舟山、嘉兴和湖州。根据各城市的综合得分水平,将长江三角洲的城市分为一个核心三个圈层,并比较分析各个城市的相对优势、薄弱环节及其差异引致因素,对其今后的发展提出若干建议。认为长江三角洲在今后的发展中,应以上海为核心,以南京、杭州、苏州为三个支点,加强区域内的分工与协作,促进区域的共同繁荣。     

污水紫外吸光度与污水COD之间的关系

利用紫外分光光度法直接测定污水中的COD因子,揭示自变量、应变量的数理关系,为简化COD因子的监测,设计新型自动化在线式监测装置提供理论依据。     

基于高通量分析的长江干流重庆段重点关注污染物筛选

应用高通量分析方法对长江干流重庆段11个断面水体中的潜在污染物进行了分析,共筛查到230种污染物。结合重庆市化学品生产使用统计结果,应用综合评分法对潜在污染物进行了评分和排序,筛选出33种流域重点关注污染物,包括农药、工业用品(邻苯二甲酸酯类、酚类雌激素、有机溶剂)及个人护理品(抗氧化剂、合成麝香、紫外吸收剂)等。结果表明,基于高通量分析方法和综合评分法可成功识别和筛选流域内重点关注污染物,为流域管理提供科学依据。     

磷化工企业清洁生产评价指标体系的构建

根据对磷化工企业的全面调查,结合清沽生产评价指标体系编制规定,运用层次分析法建立了由定量和定性两部分评价指标构成的磷化工企业递阶层次结构清洁生产评价指标体系,并确定了评价指标体系准则层、指标层各定量指标权重值和定性评价指标分值.应用已建立的评价指标体系,对某磷化工企业进行了实例评价,结果表明该评价指标体系能较好地反应磷化工企业的清洁生产水平.     

中国防治荒漠化对策

我国防治荒漠化的体制障碍是：由荒漠化定义的多样性导致的政出多门、数据多元、职责不明、功能不彰。本文对症下药给出了治标－调整职责和治本－重组机构两套方案。     

重庆市中小型企业实现规模经济的举措

中小型企业要在激烈的市场竞争中占据主动并获取良好的经济效益,实现规模经济是较佳的选择,其途径是内在规模和外在规模同时并举.基于此,通过对重庆市中小型企业的现状特点分析,认为实现规模经济不但能增强企业的市场竞争力,而且还能为重庆市创造更多的就业机会,并在转移农村剩余劳动力、推动城镇化建设等方面具有重要的现实意义.     

VISITOR VALUES AND LOCAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF RIPARIAN HABITAT PRESERVATION: CALIFORNIA'S KERN RIVER PRESERVE1

ABSTRACT: Preservation of the few remaining ecologically vital riparian areas in the southwestern United States is a significant policy concern. This article reports on two economic aspects of preserving a nationally renowned riparian birding area in Southern California. First, the article examines visitor willingness to pay (WTP) for habitat restoration and estimates an annual WTP of US $77 per visitor to preserve the habitat, about a half‐million dollars a year for estimated visitor numbers in 2000 and 2001. Second, it documents visitor expenditures in the local economy to be approximately three‐quarters of a million dollars per year. This direct visitor spending attributable to the riparian habitat generates around US $1.3 million in increased local business activity in this relatively remote rural area.     

PREDICTIVE ASSESSMENT OF SEVERITY OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHTS BASED ON AGRO-CLIMATIC FACTORS1

ABSTRACT: Past historical evidence indicates that droughts have had great impacts on human life. Drought (or scarcity of water) is assessed based on two key factors, namely, the estimated water demand, and the expected water supply. The formulation of these key factors for a region largely depends on the agro-climatic and economic conditions. Consideration of one such key factor is the relationship between the crop yield and water deficit in the assessment and prediction of agricultural droughts. The varying nature of this relationship from crop to crop adds to the complexity of agricultural drought analysis. To overcome this difficulty in analyzing agricultural droughts of a region, it is adequate to consider and place emphasis on a single crop (i.e., an index crop) grown homogeneously over the major area of the region. From one year to another year, the pattern of water requirement during the growing season of an index crop is rather stationary, and the water supply in arid and semi-arid area is mainly from seasonal random precipitation. In a region, grain yield of the index crop and, in turn, assessment of the severity of drought can reasonably be predicted as a function of the time of crop sowing and the distribution of rainfall, provided that temporal and spatial effects of other contributing factors (crop variety, soil fertility status, crop disease, pest control, cultivation practices etc.) on grain yield are considered to be uniformly distributed (i.e., stable). A predictive method of assessing agricultural droughts in an arid area of western India is presented. The major crop (Pearl Millet) of this region is grown from. July through September. The formulation of the proposed predictive method inherently implies that the grain yield of the main crop is a reliable indicator of agricultural drought. In the development of this predictive relationship (i.e., a regression type model) a number of potential yet simple variables affecting the grain yield in the region were investigated. The soil moisture index, although generally considered significant compared to the simple variables, has been found to account for insignificant variation in the grain yield. Results of our investigations suggest that it would be advisable to exclude the soil moisture index variable from the model. The proposed regression model can be used in the prediction of grain yield of the main crop several months ahead of crop harvesting operations and, in turn, the assessment of agricultural drought severity as mild, moderate, or severe. Such an assessment is expected to be helpful to planners for arranging appropriate measures to effectively combat agricultural drought situations.     

COST MINIMIZATION OF NUTRIENT REDUCTION IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT USING LINEAR PROGRAMMING1

ABSTRACT: Linear programming is applied to identify the least cost strategy for reaching politically specified phosphorus and total suspended solids reduction targets for the Fox-Wolf river basin in Northeast Wisconsin. The programming model uses data collected on annualized unit reduction costs associated with five categories of sources of phosphorus and total suspended solids discharge in each of the 41 sub-watersheds in the basin to determine the least cost management strategy. Results indicate that: (1) cost-effective nutrient reduction requires careful selection of geographic areas and source categories to address throughout the watershed; (2) agricultural sources are the most cost-effective to address in the basin; and (3) care should be exercised in setting nutrient reduction targets, given that there are likely to be significantly increasing marginal costs of nutrient reduction; the model predicts that lowering the most restrictive target by 33 percent would cut reduction expenditures by about 75 percent. Policy implications of the model include support for the investigation and potential development of institutional arrangements that enable cost-effective nutrient reduction activities to occur, such as the creation of an agency with authority over a given watershed, coordinated watershed management activities, or nutrient trading programs.     

Grab versus composite sampling: A primer for the manager and engineer

Effluent subsamples are usually aggregated into flow or time proportional samples before analysis. Although this provides information on average process conditions, that on process variability is lost by compositing. Fisher's information is defined and used to estimate the loss due to compositing. The results of simulations based on parameters derived from actual waste streams support the fact that random grabs serve as well as composite samples for monitoring purposes. These findings favor changes in regulatory practice to allow compliance to be demonstrated by grab sample averages. Reporting requirements based on moving averages are shown to be inferior to those based on averages taken over nonoverlapping time periods.