Analytical solutions of three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media: A library

The purpose of this study is to present a library of analytical solutions for the three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media with the first-order decay, linear sorption, and zero-order production. The library is constructed using Green’s function method (GFM) in combination with available solutions. The library covers a wide range of solutions for various conditions. The aquifer can be vertically finite, semi-infinitive or infinitive, and laterally semi-infinitive or infinitive. The geometry of the sources can be of point, line, plane or volumetric body; and the source release can be continuous, instantaneous, or by following a given function over time. Dimensionless forms of the solutions are also proposed. A computer code FlowCAS is developed to calculate the solutions. Calculated results demonstrate the correctness of the presented solutions. The library is widely applicable to solve contaminant transport problems of one- or multiple- dimensions in uniform flow fields.     

Mapping of temperature and line-of-sight errors in constituent retrievals for MIPAS/ENVISAT measurements

An optimized code for the near real-time retrieval of line of sight, temperature and volume-mixing ratio profiles of five key species (O₃, H₂O, HNO₃, CH₄ and N₂O) from infrared limb spectra recorded by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) experiment on board the ENVISAT-1 satellite was developed as part of an ESA-supported study. In this code line of sight and temperature are retrieved simultaneously among themselves, but sequentially with respect to the volume-mixing ratio of the five key species. The sequential retrieval leaves unaccounted the mapping of line of sight and temperature errors in the retrieved volume-mixing ratio of the constituents. This paper illustrates an algorithm that provides the a-posteriori evaluation of temperature and line-of-sight-induced error on the retrieved volume-mixing ratio of the MIPAS key species. It is shown that in most cases temperature and line-of-sight-induced error provides a significant contribution to the total volume-mixing ratio error. The variability of this error as a function of latitude, season and atmospheric model is also analyzed.     

化学工程固沙在塔里木沙漠公路沙害防治中的适宜性

由于天然材料日益紧缺 ,研制适宜于流动性沙漠地区公路沙害防治的人工替代材料势在必行 .结合塔里木沙漠公路沙害环境 ,实验室优选出 L VA、LVP、WBS和 STB 4种抗性较好的固沙剂 ,对其理化性能、粘结体力学性能和抗风蚀性能等测试结果表明 :颗粒粒径 0.2μm～ 0.5μm,粘度 12 Pa·s～ 15Pa·s;10℃～70℃温度下无沉淀 ,不燃烧 ;实验抗压强度 1.0 MPa～12.1 MPa;10℃～-20℃低温下重量损失率 0%～ 1.8%;紫外光照射 300h强度损失率 0%～ 42%;在 5m·s^-1～253m·s^-1实验风速下 ,风蚀量 0g·(106cm²·h)^-1～4.0 g·(106cm²·h)^-1 ;现场试验固结层厚度 0.2 mm～0.5mm,强度高 .化学工程固沙技术适宜于塔里木沙漠公路沙害防治 .     

连续弯道平面二维温排水的数值模拟

温排水问题为环境水力学的典型研究课题,研究温排水运动水域的流场温度场分布情况,无论是对温排水工程规划设计,防止热污染,还是对生态环境保护等都具有重要的科学意义。采用曲线坐标系下平面二维数学模型对连续弯道温排水问题进行了数值模拟,通过相同流速比下连续弯道中3种不同排放形式(左岸、右岸和中心排放)温度等值线图的比较,相同排放形式不同流速比时温度等值线图的比较,表明建立的数学模型能合理反映温排水运动规律,可以用于温排水运动的模拟。     

An Automated Technique for Delineating and Characterizing Valley-Bottom Settings

Accurate delineation and characterization of valley-bottom settings is crucial to the assessment of the biological and geomorphological components of riverine systems; yet, to date, most valley-bottom mapping endeavors have been done manually. To improve this situation, we developed automated techniques in a Geographic Information System (GIS) for delineating and characterizing valley-bottom settings in river basins ranging in size from approximately 1,000–10,000 km². All procedures were developed with ARC/INFO GIS software and fully automated in Arc Macro Language (AML). The GRID module is required for valley-bottom delineation and slope calculations; whereas characterization (i.e., measuring the width of the valley-bottom zone) requires Coordinate Geometry (COGO) in the ARCEDIT module. The process requires three inputs: a polygon coverage of the analysis area; an arc coverage of its hydrography, and a grid representing its digital elevation. The AML is designed to operate within a wide range of computer memory/disk space options, and it allows users to customize several procedures to match the scale and complexity of a given analysis area with available computer hardware.     

微生物群落结构和多样性解析技术研究进展

微生物群落结构和多样性是微生物生态学和环境科学研究的热点内容，对于开发微生物资源，阐明微生物群落与其生境的关系，揭示群落结构与功能的联系，从而指导微生物群落功能的定向调控具有重要意义。基本按照年代顺序概述了常用的微生物群落结构及多样性解析技术，同时也体现了解析技术由片面向全面、由低分辨水平向高分辨水平的发展过程。20世纪70年代以前，对环境微生物群落结构及多样性的认识依赖传统的培养分离方法，方法的分辨水平低，认识是不全面的和有选择性的；20世纪70年代和80年代，在微生物化学成分分析的基础上建立了生物标记物方法(醌指纹法、磷脂脂肪酸法等)，对微生物群落结构和多样性的认识进入到较客观的层次上；在80和90年代，以DNA为目标物的现代分子生物学技术(rRNA基因测序技术、基因指纹图谱等)比较精确地揭示了微生物种类和遗传的多样性，并给出了关于群落结构的直观信息。指出了每种解析技术的功能特点和局限性，并展望了解析技术的发展趋势是原位、快速、灵敏、高通量和准确定量。     

Monitoring Australian Rangeland Sites Using Landscape Function Indicators and Ground- and Remote-Based Techniques

If the goal for managing rangelands is to achieve a balance between production and conservation, then monitoring is essential to detect change and apply corrective action. In some range-land areas of northern Australia, monitoring has detected a tilt in the production-conservation balance towards excessive production. How big is this imbalance? Can it shift back? Robust monitoring is needed to answer these questions. The aim is to know what to monitor, and where. For example, to detect changes caused by livestock on rangeland forage production and soil erosion, indicators linking grazing disturbances to landscape function are needed, that is, indicators that signal how well landscapes are capturing, concentrating, and utilizing scarce water, nutrient, and organic resources. Studies in Australia and the USA document that simple vegetation and soil patch attributes can be measured as indicators of the 'state of health' of landscape function. For example, field and remote sensing-based grazing studies in Australia document that landscapes with a high cover of perennial plant patches function effectively to capture runoff water and nutrients in sediments, whereas landscapes with a low cover of these patches do not — they are dysfunctional — as indicated by large patches of bare soil. Aerial videography is proving to be a robust technique for measuring indicators of landscape function such as small patches of vegetation and the extent of bare soil. These indicators typically have a sigmoidal response to grazing impacts. We illustrate that if these indicators are measured on monitoring sites established near the sigmoidal 'point of inflection’ then small changes in these indicators can be detected.     

粘弹性阻尼减震结构研究与应用的新进展

系统总结了国内外粘弹性阻尼器及粘弹性阻尼减震结构研究与应用的进展情况。阐述了粘弹性阻尼材料和粘弹性阻尼器的耗能原理;对目前开发和研究的一些新型粘弹性阻尼器及其性能进行了介绍,同时概述了对保证结构安全性具有重大意义的粘弹性阻尼器的耐久性和耐火性问题,介绍了不同的粘弹性阻尼器计算模型;从结构试验的角度说明了粘弹性阻尼减震结构的特性,着重说明了粘弹性阻尼减震结构的分析方法和设计方法,列举了粘弹性阻尼器的工程应用实例。进而提出了今后粘弹性阻尼器应用于土木工程领域里应加强研究的一些问题。     

直升机腐蚀原因分析及全寿命周期防护技术

通过直升机实际使用过程中暴露的腐蚀问题,分析了直升机全寿命期的腐蚀防护应对方法和思路。对陆地环境和海洋环境使用直升机的腐蚀情况进行了汇总,并对直升机典型腐蚀问题及改进措施进行了研究。在此基础上,进一步分析了导致直升机发生腐蚀的环境、设计、生产、制造、维护等原因,总结了直升机易腐蚀部位、腐蚀特点以及危害性。提出了采用“设计保证、生产实现、维护保持”的综合手段来提升直升机全寿命期的腐蚀防护能力。最后,对外场维护维修过程中需要重点关注的腐蚀控制手册、清洗、涂镀层修复、密封剂/缓蚀剂等问题进行了思考和分析,提出了需加快推进先进的防腐技术在直升机防腐中的应用,对有效开展直升机全寿命周期的腐蚀防护工作具有一定指导意义。     

基于层次分析法的秦皇岛市垃圾填埋场选址评价

城市垃圾填埋场场址的选择,受到当地经济、交通、气候条件,自然地理条件,环境保护条件,水文地质工程地质条件等诸多因素影响,是一项十分复杂的工程。本文总结了秦皇岛市现有垃圾填埋场的基本情况、存在问题及其产生原因。鉴于层次分析法在多目标决策分析方面的成效,将其运用到秦皇岛市垃圾填埋场选址评价中,对研究区进行适宜性分区,依次划分为最佳场地区、适宜场地区、较适宜场地区、不适宜场地区。