A HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM1

ABSTRACT: An extensive research program in hydrometeorology was recently initiated in the Chicago region. Major objectives are to 1) develop a real-time, prediction-monitoring system for storm rainfall using a combination of weather radar and telemetered raingage data, 2) determine precipitation measurement requirements for hydrologic design, operation, and modeling purposes, 3) define the time-space characteristics of heavy rainstorms in the Chicago urban area, and 4) establish methods for applying the Chicago findings in other cities. Basic components of the field measurement program are a network of over 300 recording raingages in 4000 mi² in and around Chicago, plus two sophisticated weather radar systems for obtaining real-time information on storm parameters pertinent to optimizing operation of urban water resources systems. The raingage networks are to be used to compile information relevant to both design and operational aspects of urban hydrology. Radars are to be used primarily in developing the real-time operational techniques. Testing and evaluation of the real-time operational system will be done in cooperation with the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Chicago, operator of one of the most complex urban water control systems among major metropolitan areas.     

EVALUATING INLAND WATERWAY NAVIGATION IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS: THE CASE OF THE BONNEVILLE LOCK

ABSTRACT: The period of time from identification of a possibly desirable inland waterway transportation project to its actual implementation has been observed to be inordinately long. It is Hypothesized that at Least one cause of delays in project approval and implementation is a analytical credibility associated with project feasibility analysis conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This paper examines this hypothesis in terms of the proposal to construct a new, expanded lock at the Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. The principle finding is that the analysis conducted by the Corps is conceptually flawed, methodologically questionable, internally inconsistant, and inappropriately narrow in scope.     

REGIONAL DETECTION OF CHANGE IN WATER QUALITY VARIABLES1

ABSTRACT: The detection of change in a hydrologic varaible, particularly water quality, is a current problem. A method is presented for testing whether there has been a shift in the mean of a hydrologic variable based on the well established bivariate normal distribution theory. In this technique, the dependent, or target, and the independent, or control, variables are formed as weighted linear combinations of the mean values at a number of locations in a selected target and control area. The weighting factors are determined based on a mathematical programming technique which minimizes the conditional coefficient of variation thereby minimizing the number of observations required to detect a change of a preselected magnitude in the mean of the target area. The result is a situation where a savings in the number of observations required to detect a change is a consequence of adding more stations: the space-time tradeoff. Two applications of the technique are presented, the first using electrical conductivity (EC) data from two sets of river basins and the second using EC data from a set of basins as the target variable and annual discharge as the control. The results indicate that a significant savings in time can be achieved by using this method.     

Integrating economic landscape valuation into Mediterranean territorial planning

Recent and rapid landscape changes have occurred over large areas in Mediterranean Basin. Wildfires and human activities are the most important disturbances at landscape-level due to their ecological and socio-economic impacts. The increasing demand which society places on the forest landscapes has led us to develop a tool to identify the economic landscape value around natural protected areas. Our research focused on the integration of social, ecological and economic components of landscape management based on stated social preferences and contingent valuation method (CVM). Landscape value research has been motivated by the need to assist land use planning and environmental management.Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have provided new opportunities to spatially distributed modeling of landscape quality. Correlations were found between the representativeness of the landscape and its sense of belonging, and the contingent rating. Landscape with intensive agricultural practices and mining areas were the least preferred landscapes. There was a notable variation in the economic landscape value attributed to the study area based on the considered CVM scenario, ranging from 1,253,075.1 Euros to 3,650,827.8 Euros. We added the geospatial allocation of willingness to pay according to five landscape quality categories. Our approach could be used to identify priority areas for conservation based on maximizing landscape value, and would be useful in detecting interesting or conflict areas associated with new management and planning alternatives. In this sense, this approach offers managers to seek territorial management strategies to increase economic efficiency in the allocation of resources.     

寒区典型湿地浮游植物功能群季节变化及其与环境因子关系

安邦河湿地是一个典型的寒区湿地,本文运用功能群的方法对其浮游植物季节变化进行研究,并运用多元分析方法分析其与环境因子的关系.安邦河湿地共有浮游植物种8门104种,划分为14个功能群,分别是C、D、E、F、H1、J、Lo、M、MP、N、P、SN、X1和Y.其中重要功能群是C、D、E、J、Lo、N、P和Y.浮游植物的功能群组成季节变化明显,春季以功能群E和Lo生物量所占比例最大,分别为27.45%和20.49%;夏季以功能群D、J、P占优,为28.59%、18.53%和19.47%;秋季以功能群J、P为主,占39.65%和13.34%.可见,安邦河湿地浮游植物功能群的季节变化呈现为E+Lo→D+J+P→J+P的特点,反映了水环境特征:春季低水温低营养盐、夏季高水温高营养盐且水体混浊、秋季水温和营养盐均较高.运用冗余分析(RDA)分析浮游植物功能群与环境因子之间的关系,结果显示水温(WT)、无机氮(DIN)和溶解性磷酸盐(SRP)是安邦河湿地浮游植物功能群季节变化的主要环境因子.     

药品和个人护理用品在固体基底中的检测方法和分布现状

药品和个人护理用品(Pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)在环境中广泛存在,威胁生态环境和人类健康,受到越来越多的关注.本文综述了固体基底中PPCPs的检测方法,总结了国内外污泥、土壤、沉积物等基底中PPCPs的污染现状,并对PPCPs的进一步研究进行了展望.结果表明,PPCPs的检测方法朝多样化和趋优化的方向发展.污泥样品中PPCPs种类多、浓度高(μg·kg-1—mg·kg-1),土壤和沉积物中虽然浓度不高,但是总量不可小觑.目前,固体基底中的PPCPs还需要更全面和更广泛的研究.     

Application of cavitational reactors for water disinfection: current status and path forward

Cavitational reactors are a novel and promising form of multiphase reactors, based on the principle of release of large magnitude of energy due to the violent collapse of the cavities. An overview of cavitational reactors in the specific area of water disinfection, in terms of the basic mechanism, different reactor designs including recommendations for optimum operating parameters and applicability of the cavitation phenomena for disinfection of different micro-organisms have been presented. A design of a pilot scale sonochemical reactor has been presented, which forms the basis for development of industrial scale reactors. Economic analysis for comparison of cavitation phenomena with other conventional techniques of disinfection has been discussed. It appears that though cavitation is quite successful in treatment of water at laboratory scale operations, comparatively higher cost of treatment as compared to the conventional chemical methods is a hindrance in its industrial scale application. Intensification of cavitational activity and efficient design of industrial scale hydrodynamic cavitation reactors is required for ensuring successful application of cavitational reactors at industrial scale operation.     

土壤环境汞污染现状及其影响因素研究进展

土壤重金属污染导致土壤环境质量显著降低,影响食品安全、水源水质和空气质量等,严重威胁人类的生存和发展。汞（Hg）作为一种全球性的重金属污染物,广泛分布于多种环境介质中,其中土壤是全球汞最大的储存库。土壤中的汞可通过多种暴露途径进入人体,危害人类健康。伴随着全球气候变暖和人为活动加剧,全球土壤汞污染问题日益严重。然而,目前有关土壤汞污染的基础数据较为缺乏,大范围的土壤汞污染空间分布特征分析相对较少,对于土壤汞污染主控因子的分析方法缺乏系统的阐述。因此,本文基于文献调研的方法,分析了全球的土壤汞污染分布特征,发现全球土壤汞污染主要集中在矿区及工业聚集区,阐述了人为因素、气候条件和土壤环境因素等对土壤汞含量变化的影响,并总结了可应用于土壤汞污染主控因子分析的常用方法及其优缺点。同时,本文对未来土壤汞污染调查和研究进行了3方面的展望,以期为更加科学合理的解决土壤汞污染问题做出贡献。     

集成膜法水处理工艺的研究与应用

集成膜法除盐系统具有连续产水、出水质量好、易控制、占地少、不需酸碱、利于环保等优点。文章通过对集成膜法水处理技术进行研究与应用,将原有的化学除盐水处理方式改为集成膜法水处理工艺,该方法产水水质高且水质稳定,每年可节约酸碱200 t,阴、阳离子交换树脂10 t,切实解决电厂所面临的产水水质不稳定、酸碱废液排放等问题,有力推动了清洁生产。     

湖北省区域经济差异评价及协调发展对策研究

本文从区域经济差异内涵出发 ,设计了由 11个指标所组成的区域经济差异评价指标体系 ,采取多元统计中的因子分析法和加法合成模型 ,对湖北省 17个区域的经济差异进行了定量评价与比较 ,得出了区域经济差异不断扩大的结论。对此 ,文章从如何建立多层次的区域城市网络体系 ,发挥中心城市在区域经济协调发展中的作用 ,如何调整区域产业布局与产业结构 ,如何促进发达区域与不发达区域共同发展等 3方面 ,提出了湖北省区域经济协调发展的有关对策。