同步辐射技术在环境纳米金属组学研究中的应用

随着我国工业的发展,在工业产值不断提升的同时,向环境中释放出的各类污染物也逐渐增加,其中包括多种金属纳米颗粒物。这些金属纳米颗粒物进入大气、水源及土壤中,累积到一定程度引起环境安全问题;进一步可被动植物所吸收,经过食物链富集和传递,造成直接或间接人体暴露,危害人体健康。环境纳米金属组学,研究的范畴主要涉及自然或人为因素产生的金属纳米颗粒在环境介质和生物有机体中的生物/化学行为、转化归趋,并且据此评价金属纳米颗粒物的环境安全性及其生物健康效应。随着对金属纳米颗粒环境效应研究的不断深入,对传统的研究方法提出了更多的挑战。同步辐射具有高亮度、高准直和宽频谱等特性,在金属元素分析方面具有无可比拟的优势。本文主要介绍了同步辐射技术,如同步辐射X射线荧光分析技术(SR-XRF)和同步辐射X射线吸收光谱技术(SR-XAS)等,在金属纳米颗粒物的环境行为及其生物健康效应研究中的应用;结合本实验室及国内外的一些研究工作,阐述了同步辐射技术应用于环境纳米金属组学研究领域所取得的一些新进展,以期为拓展同步辐射技术在环境金属纳米颗粒物分析的应用研究提供参考价值。     

我国城市垂直绿化现状与垂直绿化新技术

虽然我国各城市开展城市垂直绿化推广工作，取得了不少成效，但是依然存在着垂直绿化技术和植物种类单一、效果有待改善等问题。近年来，国内外出现了不少新的垂直绿化技术，若能借鉴、选择性地进行应用，对我国城市垂直绿化工作必定起促进作用。介绍了几种较新的垂直绿化技术，以供参考。     

海河平原农业供水的决策分析模型

本文根据海河平原水源不足的问题,采用系统分析的方法,探讨了农业供水的对策。提出的决策分析模型可望适用于不同大小的区域。通过实际资料的分析得出实行节流、管理与开源的具体方案及经济效益。分析成果表明推行节水灌溉技术与管理措施是完全可行的。在建立节流系统(包括管带与滴灌及调整耕作制度、作物布局)和加强水管理的基础上,实行开源引江、引黄,可大大缩减调水规模,降低开源工程投资,缓和工农与城乡供水的矛盾。     

水和废水中多氯联苯(PCBs)的测定方法及进展

本文引用了七十余篇近几年国内外的有关著文,对水和废水中的多氯联苯(PCBs)的测定方法进行了评述,全面系统地介绍了水样的采集、富集、净化和分析测定等操作程序,着重于样品的前处理和气相色谱分析,并提出了这一领域今后的发展趋势。     

有机污染物的光催化降解过程中的分析技术进展

本文对有机物的光催化降解动力学研究 ,降解产物的鉴定、定量检测等过程中所使用的一些分析技术和手段 ,尤其是在有机物的光降解机理研究中羟自由基的检测技术和方法进行了综述     

A voltammetric screening method to determine ronidazole in bovine meat

Abstract

An original voltammetric screening method, employing glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with the differential-pulse voltammetry technique (DPV), has been developed to determine residues of the anti-parasitic agent Ronidazole (RNZ) in bovine meat. By using cyclic voltammetry (CV), it has been demonstrated that an irreversible cathodic process occurs at approximately ?0.740?V (vs. Ag|AgCl, KCl 3?mol L^?1) in a 0.100?mol L^?1 phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 as supporting electrolyte. Furthermore, the behavior of RNZ in CV indicates the occurrence of a diffusion mass transfer process to the working electrode surface. The RNZ reduction mechanism was proposed as a 6-electron transfer, similar to Metronidazole under the same pH range. Quantification of RNZ and method validation were then carried out by DPV. The relative standard deviation (RSD) were 3.21% for intraday precision of 10 consecutive repetitions and 6.78% for interday precision after five analysis. Limits of detection and quantification were also obtained, and the values were 0.107 and 0.358?mg kg^?1, respectively. The recovery percentage for three different concentrations of RNZ in the bovine meat matrix ranged between 98.1% and 100.3%. The method proved to be efficient for screening RNZ in bovine meat.     

浑河流域沈抚段氮素污染综合溯源研究

通过对浑河流域沈抚段水体样品和主要污染源样品采集及检测,结合氮氧双稳定同位素及SIAR模型,统计分析研究区域氮素污染现状及氮素污染来源,绘制典型污染源的δ15N、δ18O特征分布图并估算其贡献率,准确追踪和定量外来性氮,从而更好地控制进入浑河流域的氮负荷.结果表明,浑河流域沈抚段受排污口、支流输入、工业废水的影响较大,氮素污染严重.研究区域δ15N值在-5.23‰~33.8‰范围内波动,δ18O值变化范围较大,为-4.12‰~61.54‰.工业废水对氮素贡献率为20.6%~96.3%,贡献率最高,其次是生活污水与粪便、化学肥料、土壤,贡献率分布范围分别为0.3%~29.4%、1.2%~33.5%、1.7%~30.1%,大气沉降对氮素贡献率最低,为0~7.2%.考虑大气污染及污废水排放规律能更准确的确定氮素的污染来源.     

Analysis of diffusion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption is analyzed by means of an analytical method. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis show that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry's coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.     

海上石油平台溢油污染等级评估研究

石油污染被认为是对海洋环境危害较大污染物之一,文章通过分析与溢油污染程度有关的影响因素,首次构建了海上石油平台溢油污染程度评价指标体系。利用层次分析法(AHP)计算了各评价指标的权重,并以溢油量和油品特性持久性为例,分别建立了溢油量隶属度函数和油品特性的持久性隶属度子集表,最终完成了溢油污染程度的二级模糊综合评价模型。该评价模型为判断溢油污染等级提供了新方法,同时也为溢油应急决策部门采取应急措施提供一定的技术支持。     

农村生活污水处理技术模式的层次分析研究

在当前农村环境的治理中,生活污水处理技术和模式一直是农村环保不断探索的问题.根据农村实际情况选择合适的处理技术显得尤为重要.通过实地调研,对农村生活污水产生现状、常见处理工艺进行了分析.根据当前实际应用情况,选定了四种典型农村生活污水技术模式,以及对模式选择有影响的六个主要因素,按照层次分析法进行了研究,以期为农村生活污水处理工艺的选择提供参考.分析结果表明首选方案为"A/O+人工湿地"处理技术,与目前农村生活污水实际状况相吻合.