畜禽养殖对环境的污染及防治对策

阐述了畜禽粪便中的主要污染成分氮、磷、恶臭、生物病原体、矿物质和药物添加剂对环境污染的危害.根据其污染的主要因素,提出了畜禽养殖对环境污染的防治对策.     

农用化学品对农产品的污染及其对策

由于农业大量使用化学品 ,使农产品的农药残留量及其衍生物增加 ,从而对人体健康造成具大的危害性。本文的主要目的就是让人们进一步认识在农产品生产中使用农用化学品的危害 ,倡导我国农业走绿色农产品生产的道路     

What Price Cheap Food?

This paper is the report of a meetingthat gathered many of the UK's most senioranimal scientists with representatives of thefarming industry, consumer groups, animalwelfare groups, and environmentalists. Therewas strong consensus that the current economicstructure of agriculture cannot adequatelyaddress major issues of concern to society:farm incomes, food security and safety, theneeds of developing countries, animal welfare,and the environment. This economic structure isbased primarily on competition betweenproducers and between retailers, driving foodprices down, combined with externalization ofmany costs. These issues must be addressed by acombination of legislation, restructuring ofthe market, and use of public funds. Themeeting included workshops that made otherrecommendations for research and education. Themost urgent requirement is recognition thatchange is needed and development of a visionfor what that change must achieve.     

Swiss Market for Meat from Animal-Friendly Production – Responses of Public and Private Actors in Switzerland

Animal welfare is an importantsocietal issue in Switzerland. Policy makershave responded with a strict legislation onanimal protection and with two programs topromote animal friendly husbandry. Alsoprivate actors in the meat industry initiatedprograms for animal friendly meat productionto meet consumers' expectations. Labeled meathas a market share of over 20%. Depending onthe stakeholders responsible for the labels,their objectives vary. While retailers want toattract consumers with meat produced in ananimal friendly and environmentally compatiblemanner and with products of consistently goodsensory quality, producers want to keep marketshares and increase their revenues.     

The Least Harm Principle May Require that Humans Consume a Diet Containing Large Herbivores, Not a Vegan Diet

Based on his theory of animalrights, Regan concludes that humans are morallyobligated to consume a vegetarian or vegandiet. When it was pointed out to him that evena vegan diet results in the loss of manyanimals of the field, he said that while thatmay be true, we are still obligated to consumea vegetarian/vegan diet because in total itwould cause the least harm to animals (LeastHarm Principle, or LHP) as compared to currentagriculture. But is that conclusion valid? Isit possible that some other agriculturalproduction alternatives may result in leastharm to animals? An examination of thisquestion shows that the LHP may actually bebetter served using food production systemsthat include both plant-based agriculture and aforage-ruminant-based agriculture as comparedto a strict plant-based (vegan) system. Perhapswe are morally obligated to consume a dietcontaining both plants and ruminant(particularly cattle) animal products.     

农业产业化经营的地域推进机制研究——以寿光市为例

农业产业化经营是解决困扰我国社会经济发展的“三农”问题的有效途径，而推动区域农业产业化经营快速、健康发展是我国农村许多地区面临的共同课题。文章从农村市场体系建设、主导产业选择与培植、农业产业化组织模式创新三个方面探讨了寿光市农业产业化经营的地域推进机制，对我国其它地区农业产业化经营发展具有指导和借鉴意义。     

A STRATEGY FOR IMPLEMENTING BMPs FOR CONTROLLING NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION: THE CASE OF THE FEI‐TSUI RESERVOIR WATERSHED IN TAIWAN1

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a concerted effort by the Taiwan Water Resources Bureau, the City of Taipei, and the Bureau of Fei‐tsui Reservoir Management to protect the water quality in the Fei‐tsui Reservoir.The reservoir is the major source of water supply for over two million people in the metropolitan area of Taipei. Over the years the reservoir has suffered from siltation and more recently eutrophication. The sources of the pollution are traced to the hundreds of tea gardens, rice fields and other agricultural areas in the watershed and to urban sources such as construction sites. Large amounts of nutrients enter the reservoir by way of storm water runoff during storm or typhoon events. Since 1999, various agencies have worked to initiate an effort to reduce nonpoint pollution in the Fei‐Tsui Reservoir watershed. Practices being considered include nonstructural measures such as nutrient management, and structural measures such as swales, detention basins, and wetlands, in addition to erosion and sediment control methods. A number of field tests have been completed on the performance of selected best management practices (BMPs). A strategy for implementing the BMPs at the watershed scale has been developed based on a total maximum daily load (TMDL) analysis that is reported in this paper.     

集约化柑橘种植抑制土壤磷循环微生物活性

微生物是调节土壤磷循环的关键驱动力.阐明土壤解磷菌的微生物矿化过程对于提高植物养分吸收率和作物产量具有重要意义.通过测定柑橘园与毗邻的自然林地土壤编码碱性磷酸酶基因（phoD）丰度、解磷细菌群落多样性和土壤无机磷组分,探究柑橘种植对土壤微生物获取磷策略的影响机制.结果表明,柑橘种植导致土壤pH下降,土壤有效磷累积,ω（有效磷）平均值高达112 mg·kg^-1,显著高于毗邻的自然林地（3.7 mg·kg^-1）.柑橘种植也会影响土壤磷素组成,柑橘土壤含有较高的可溶态磷（CaCl₂-P）、柠檬酸提取态磷（Citrate-P）和矿物结合态磷（HCl-P）.自然林地土壤各磷组分均显著低于柑橘土壤,而phoD基因丰度和碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于柑橘土壤.高通量测序结果表明,柑橘土壤解磷细菌Shannon指数（4.61）显著低于自然林地（5.35）,群落结构也有别于自然林地.柑橘种植改变了土壤解磷菌的群落组成,自然林地变形菌门的相对丰度显著低于柑橘土壤.土壤有效磷含量与碱性磷酸酶活性呈显著负相关,表明土壤高磷累积抑制土壤解磷细菌的活性.柑橘种植改变了土壤微生物对磷的获取策略,在柑橘园中,土壤微生物主要依赖外源磷,而自然林地土壤微生物主要以微生物分泌碱性磷酸酶矿化有机磷来获取磷的方式满足其生长需求.     

A Bird’s Eye View of the Malheur Wildlife Refuge Occupation: Nonhuman Agency and Entangled Species

In January 2016, armed militants occupied the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, demanding an end to government control of the Refuge and other similarly protected public lands. Public discourse about the occupation highlights ongoing tensions around land use, property rights, and government overreach. The discourse foregrounds human animal concerns and all but erases nonhuman animal agency. This essay considers nonhuman animal agency and the entanglement of humans, nonhumans, and the land as seen in the occupation and surrounding discourse. We draw from critical animal studies and feminist posthuman theory to examine how discourses of the occupation produce and reinforce a sense of human exceptionalism that elides a more useful and nuanced understanding of human–nonhuman–land relatedness and agency. The analysis shows how, in the case of the Malheur occupation, occupiers and critics alike rely on discourses of “othering” towards both nonhuman animals and other humans. We take a “birding” perspective on the occupation to show how the webs of relationality that connect humans, nonhumans, and the land might be activated as an antidote to destructive discourses of human exceptionalism.     

Per-capita estimations of long-term historical land use and the consequences for global change research

Changes in land use and land cover are important in global climate change, but the many uncertainties in historical estimates seriously hamper climate modelling. We collected new data on estimated per capita land use over the last two millennia, using new data sources from the Humanities. In general, and in agreement with literature, we found that per capita land use indeed has not been constant in the past, but differ per region and over time. Land use in the distant past was mostly less than 1 ha/cap. However, the recently colonised regions show much higher values and have experienced a much higher per capita land use for the recent past. Most known trajectories follow a concave or bell-shaped curve towards the present.