促进植物生长根圈细菌(PGPR)的研究现状

有机农业提倡与自然共存不破坏平衡,而自然界的土壤中存在许多可促进植物生长的植物根圈微生物(plant growth promoting rhizobacteria,PGPR),此类微生物可分泌促进植物生长的物质,并可诱导植物产生抗性基因,增强植物抗病.PGPR可产生有机物质促进植物生长,改善土壤肥力,增加可溶性磷及铁,诱发植物抗病、克服逆境、增强营养吸收,固氮或防治病害等,在有机农业上有助于植物增产,改善农业对化学肥料的依赖,生产出健康的作物.参25.     

Is current agronomy ready to promote sustainable agriculture? Identifying key skills and competencies needed

The quest for agricultural sustainability generates the need to develop functional support schemes aimed at supplying farmers with knowledge, information and appropriate solutions, thus smoothing the transition towards sustainable agriculture (SA). In this vein, it is expected that agronomists have to play a key role, plotting the course for a sustainable farming future. Nevertheless, a critical question is whether agronomists possess the skills and competencies needed to motivate and guide this transition process. Two studies were designed to examine which clusters of agronomists’ skills and competencies determine their ability to promote SA. Study 1, using data from a sample of farmers, revealed that agronomists’ level of knowledge on issues pertaining to SA, their networking capacities, facilitation competencies, and communication skills affect their ability to guide the transition towards sustainable farm production. Study 2, drawing on data from a sample of agronomists, confirmed the pivotal role of sustainability knowledge, facilitation skills and networking competencies on the aptitude to promote SA. Both studies uncovered that agronomists display low to moderate levels of these skills. Taken together, these results point out the need to reorganize agronomic (formal and lifelong) education in order to equip agronomists with new competencies and to enable them to effectively promote SA.     

Large carnivore hunting and the social license to hunt

The social license to operate framework considers how society grants or withholds informal permission for resource extractors to exploit publicly owned resources. We developed a modified model, which we refer to as the social license to hunt (SLH). In it we similarly consider hunters as operators, given that wildlife are legally considered public resources in North America and Europe. We applied the SLH model to examine the controversial hunting of large carnivores, which are frequently killed for trophies. Killing for trophies is widespread, but undertaken by a minority of hunters, and can pose threats to the SLH for trophy-seeking carnivore hunters and potentially beyond. Societal opposition to large carnivore hunting relates not only to conservation concerns but also to misalignment between killing for trophies and dominant public values and attitudes concerning the treatment of animals. We summarized cases related to the killing of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), wolves (Canis lupus), and other large carnivores in Canada, the United States, and Europe to illustrate how opposition to large carnivore hunting, now expressed primarily on social media, can exert rapid and significant pressure on policy makers and politicians. Evidence of the potential for transformative change to wildlife management and conservation includes proposed and realized changes to legislation, business practice, and wildlife policy, including the banning of some large carnivore hunts. Given that policy is ultimately shaped by societal values and attitudes, research gaps include developing increased insight into public support of various hunting policies beyond that derived from monitoring of social media and public polling. Informed by increased evidence, the SLH model can provide a conceptual foundation for predicting the likelihood of transient versus enduring changes to wildlife conservation policy and practice for a wide variety of taxa and contexts.     

新疆农用拖拉机排放清单及特征研究

分别应用参数本土化的NON-ROAD模型和生态环境部发布的《非道路移动源大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南》估算了新疆1993—2018年农业生产用拖拉机PM₁₀、PM_2.5、HC、NO_x和CO等污染物排放清单.同时,结合NON-ROAD模型特性、排放清单和区域现状,从定量和定性2个维度剖析了2种排放清单编制方法的适应性和污染物排放演变态势.最后,基于3种不同方法对污染物排放的潜在影响因素进行分析.结果表明：①基于参数本土化的NON-ROAD模型在建立特定区域排放清单方面具有一定参考价值.②1993—2018年新疆农用拖拉机污染物排放呈现出平稳上升、波动、快速增长、平稳、下降等不同态势,总体上,1993—2017年污染物排放增加25156.69 t,但在2018年出现较大幅度下降,同时单位功率排放也明显下降,表明近年来采取的强有力排放控制措施在抑制大气污染物排放方面的成效明显.③2006年之后大中型拖拉机年均排放总量占比为70.9%,小型拖拉机年均排放占比为29.1%,短期内随着时间的推移两者的差距将越来越大,揭示大中型拖拉机是污染物排放控制的关键.④对污染物排放影响因素的定量分析结果发现,农业经济发展水平对区域污染物排放总量变化起决定性作用.本研究在建立污染物排放清单、污染物排放影响因素定量分析及区域污染物排放治理政策制定方面有一定参考价值.     

基于公平与效率双重视角的中国农业碳减排潜力分析

科学估算减排潜力是实施减排责任分摊的基础。论文将环境因素纳入到经济生产体系,构建含有期望产出与非期望产出的农业经济核算框架,借助方向距离函数方法,对2000-2011 年中国31 个省(市、区)的农业碳边际减排成本进行估算。在此基础上,利用人均农业碳排放、人均农业生产总值、农业碳排放强度与农业碳排放影子价格4 个指标,构建农业碳减排潜力指数,基于公平与效率双重视角,对各省区农业碳减排潜力水平进行评估与分析。结果显示:① 农业减排成本地区差异较大。其中,海南、福建、山东、辽宁、广东、北京、天津等省区减排成本较高,其年均农业碳排放影子价格居于全国前列,最高值达2.542×10⁸元/10⁴ t;而西藏、青海两地农业碳排放影子价格最低,分别为0.105×10⁸元/10⁴ t 和0.542×10⁸元/10⁴ t,农业减排成本较低。② 基于农业碳减排的公平性与效率性差异,将中国大陆31 个省级行政区域划分为四大类:西藏等1 省2 区属于“高效较公平”型地区;甘肃1 省1 区属于“高效欠公平”型地区;辽宁等8省2 区属于“低效较公平”型地区;北京等12 省4 市属于“低效欠公平”型地区。③ 西藏、海南、青海、内蒙古四地农业碳减排潜力指数在三种情景下均排名前四,北京、黑龙江、山西三地均排名最后。④ 决策者对于公平原则与效率原则的不同偏好会导致各省区减排责任分摊机制不同。     

“奶牛-沼气-牧草”循环型农业系统的能值分析

为探讨“奶牛-沼气-牧草”循环型农业模式（模式I）的结构功能和生态经济效益,应用能值分析方法对其进行研究,并与单一奶牛养殖模式（模式Ⅱ）进行比较。结果表明：模式Ⅰ的净能值产出率（4．06）比模式Ⅱ（4．13）低;模式Ⅰ能值可持续发展指标值为10．27,模式Ⅱ为9．57,模式Ⅰ具有更高的可持续发展能力;模式Ⅰ的环境负载率（0．11）低于模式Ⅱ（0．12）,并且模式Ⅱ能值废弃率为21．72％,模式I为0,因此模式Ⅰ对环境的压力小;模式Ⅰ产出能值反馈率达到30．63％,系统自组织能力强。模式Ⅰ的净效益是模式Ⅱ的1．13倍,但产投比是模式Ⅱ的97．64％。以能值-货币价值计算的生态经济效益分析结果与实际经济效益分析结果基本一致。因此,模式Ⅰ具有环境压力小、自组织能力强、可持续发展能力较强的特征,但仍需进一步优化系统内部结构,提高生产效率。     

发展有机农业与农业面源污染控制

分析了我国农业面源污染的现状,提出发展有机农业是我国控制农业面源污染的有效途径之一。对有机农业这一全新的农业生产模式进行解析,提出了我国发展有机农业的对策措施。     

A multicriteria approach for mapping risks of agricultural pollution for water resources: The Venice Lagoon watershed case study

A multicriteria analysis system was developed for producing risk maps of agricultural pollution due to alternative cultivation systems in the Watershed of the Lagoon of Venice (WLV) in Italy. Results of a field-scale simulation model for agricultural diffuse pollution were used to compile a matrix of environmental impacts, in terms of pollution indices. The most widespread combinations of typical environments (as defined by combinations of soil and climate variables) and alternative land uses (types of crops and cultivation systems) were described in the impact matrix. Land use in terms of crop distribution was based on census data. Two alternative cultivation systems were defined on the basis of the recent changes to the European Common Agricultural Policy: ordinary and eco-compatible. The effects of alternative scenarios were evaluated in terms of pollution risks for water resources. The evaluation procedure was built into the framework of a geographical information system to take into account the spatial features of pollution phenomena, vulnerability of the land and risk for water resources. The results demonstrated the great potential of eco-compatible practices for reducing the risks for surface and groundwater (−15 and −50%, respectively).     

论煤矿城市塌陷区和露天采矿区的生态重建战略问题

本文对上述不同地区煤矿塌陷区和露天采矿区的生态重建战略问题分别进行了论述。     

不同类型城市人工湿地底栖动物多样性的比较研究

在常州市范围内选取具有代表性的三大人工湿地,对其底栖动物多样性情况进行春秋两季的调查研究。结果显示：软件园秋季底栖动物各项生物多样性指标均高于春季,荆川公园和五星公园则呈现春季生物多样性状况优于秋季的状况。从总体上看,底栖动物的Shannon—Wiener多样性指数软件园〉荆川公园〉五星公园;Pielou均匀度指数荆川公园〉软件园〉五星公园;BI指数表现为五星公园〉荆川公园〉软件园。此外从调查结果来看,软体动物种类数、分布密度与水体的污染程度呈反向趋势,由此推断软体动物种类丰富程度可作为评价城市人工湿地水体受污染程度的重要指标。