Agricultural production and sustainable development in a Brazilian region (Southwest,São Paulo State): motivations and barriers to adopting sustainable and ecologically friendly practices

The objective of this study is to identify the adoption level of practices associated with more sustainable agriculture and environmentally friendly practices. Additionally, the motivations for and barriers to the adoption of these practices by farmers are investigated. Data were collected through closed questionnaires taken by a random sample of farmers in the Southwest, São Paulo, Brazil, during the second half of 2013. Overall, sustainable agricultural practices recommended in the literature and analysed in this study are being not fully adopted by farmers of the studied area. The results showed that financial motivation is associated with farmers adopting new, more sustainable technology, whereas the lack of information on and lack of technical support for these technologies are significant barriers. Other results, research implications, limitations and suggestions for future research are presented.     

陕西省发展低碳农业的路径选择

陕西是我国西部地区文化、科技的强省。虽然能源资源相对丰富,但是生态环境脆弱。农业经济发展受地理环境和发展理念的制约,发展水平较之东部发达地区存在很大的差距。低碳农业随着低碳经济的发展应运而生,发展低碳农业不仅是统筹城乡发展、实现社会循环经济发展一体化的切入点,而且是保护生态环境"双赢"的重要途径,同时也是转变陕西农业发展方式的必然选择。试析在建设陕西新农村背景下如何选择符合陕西省低碳农业发展的新模式和如何选择促进陕西区域经济又好又快发展的有效对策。     

Socioeconomic outcomes of agricultural land use change in Southeast Asia

Agricultural land use is transforming rapidly in Southeast Asia, often supported by development policies aiming primarily at economic growth. However, the socioeconomic outcomes of these changes for smallholder farmers remain unclear. Here, we systematically review cases of agricultural land use change in Southeast Asia to assess their socioeconomic outcomes and potential trade-off and synergies in these outcomes. Of the 126 reviewed cases, we find mostly positive outcomes for income (SDG 1, 100 cases) and employment (SDG 8, 11 cases), while outcomes on health (SDG 3, 9 cases) were mixed, and outcomes for food security (SDG 2, 44 cases), gender equality (SDG 5, 13 cases), and economic equality (SDG 10, 14 cases) were mostly negative. Studies describing multiple outcomes show indications of synergies between income and food security, and between income and employment, but also potential trade-offs between income and economic equality. In addition, we find that economic land concessions result in multiple negative outcomes more often than other types of land governance regimes. The results provide evidence that economic gains from agricultural land use change often come at a cost of other dimensions of sustainable development.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01712-4.     

白马湖甲壳动物体内重金属含量调查

对白马湖3种甲壳动物体内的Pb、Cd、Cu、Cr、Zn的含量进行了调查。结果表明,Cu、Zn含量较高;同种重金属元素在不同种类的软体动物体内含量差异较大,富集能力的次序是克氏原敖虾＞日本青沼＞秀丽白虾;Cd 和 Pb 在克氏原螯虾体内的不同器官和组织中富集程度不同,其中以肌肉中含量最低,鳃中的含量居中,虾壳中的含量为最高。     

Participatory integrated assessment of adaptation to climate change in Alpine tourism and mountain agriculture

Winter tourism and mountain agriculture are the most important economic sectors in a major part of the Swiss Alps. Both are highly sensitive to changing climatic conditions. In the framework of the CLEAR project, results from climate impact research in the field of tourism and agricultural production were used to investigate the perception of climatic change by stakeholders and to assess possible adaptations. We used a participatory integrated assessment (PIA) to involve the knowledge, values and experiences of the various social actors in tourism and agriculture (e.g., skiers, tourism managers, farmers) in the research process. Whereas climate change may have various severe direct impacts on the tourism industry, depending on the region, agricultural production may generally benefit from changed climatic conditions. But because of the dependence of farmers on “off-farm” income, the loss due to declining winter tourism in specific areas may cause more important indirect effects. However, the two sectors may adapt actively by choosing from a variety of strategies, and the loss of income from the tourism industry may support the re-evaluation of the various functions agriculture plays in mountain regions, beyond the production of food. The study demonstrates the suitability of the PIA approach to elucidate the interactions between different stakeholders and their perception of the climate change phenomena. A similar participatory approach could be a useful tool to transfer research results and expert knowledge to the political process addressing adaptations to climate change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

新疆草原利用与保护现状及对策建议

通过对新疆目前的草原利用与保护现状及存在的问题进行分析,提出了解决新疆畜牧业发展的思路及实施的牧民定居工程、人工草料地建设工程、牧区水利工程、退牧还草工程和牧民转移等草原建设的五大重点工程。     

水质石油类／动植物油快速测定方法探讨

为满足应急监测对分析方法提出的快速、准确、及时的要求,对现行国标《水质石油类和动植物油的测定红外光度法））（GB／T16488—1996）不适应应急监测需求的萃取、吸附2个预处理步骤进行了改进,为减少对臭氧层的破坏,用氯化四氟乙烯（S-316）替代四氯化碳（CCl4）作为萃取剂,均获得了比较满意的比对监测结果。     

替代面法和推算法在淅川库区氨氮干沉降评估中的适用性分析

农业源氨氮沉降是水库型水源地水体收到的重要的外源氮之一,其沉降量评估与来源识别是水体氮污染防控的重要依据 .替代面法和推算法是大气氮素干沉降监测的两种常用方法 .采用替代面法和推算法,于 2019年 9月—2020年 8月对淅川库区周边设置的 5个大气监测点进行干沉降样品采集,测定了样品中氨氮浓度及其氮同位素,探讨了 2 种监测方法在氨氮干沉降通量估算及氨氮来源解析中的适用性 .结果表明：替代面法获得的氨氮干沉降通量为推算法的1.4～2.1倍,2种监测方法获得的氨氮干沉降通量在时空变化趋势上具有一致性;推算法获得的δ¹⁵N-NH₄⁺较替代面法偏负,季均相差为11.1‰,时空差异显著.替代面法在获得淅川库区氨氮干沉降通量方面具有优势,受氨氮分馏影响,直接获得的 δ¹⁵N-NH₄⁺值较初始源 δ¹⁵N-NH₃值存在较大偏差,影响溯源结果的准确性;推算法能够分别获得不同氨氮形态干沉降中的 δ¹⁵N...     

Governmental Oversight of Discharges from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

As point sources of pollution in the United States, concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are subject to the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permitting system requirements. Changes to federal regulations in 2003 and a 2005 court decision have increased the governmental oversight of CAFOs. Manure application to fields from “large CAFOs” that results in unpermitted discharges can be regulated under the Clean Water Act. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s interpretation of agricultural stormwater discharges was approved so that unpermitted discharges may arise if an owner or operator of a CAFO fails to apply manure correctly. Owners and operators do not, however, have a duty to secure governmental permits in the absence of a discharge. Turning to the federal provisions regarding nutrient management plans, a court found that they were deficient. Moreover, the federal government needs to reconsider requirements that would reduce pathogens from entering surface waters. Although these developments should assist in reducing the impairment of U.S. waters, concern still exists. Greater oversight of nutrient management plans and enhanced enforcement efforts offer opportunities to provide greater assurance that CAFO owners and operators will not allow a discharge of pollutants to enter surface waters.     

Spatial Relations Between Floodplain Environments and Land Use – Land Cover of a Large Lowland Tropical River Valley: Pánuco Basin, México

Large lowland river valleys include a variety of floodplain environments that represent opportunities and constraints for human activities. This study integrates extensive field observations and geomorphic data with analysis of satellite remote sensing data to examine spatial relations between land use/land cover (LULC) and floodplain environments in the lower Pánuco basin of eastern Mexico. The floodplain of the lower Pánuco basin was delineated by combining a digital elevation model with a satellite image of a large flood event. The LULC was classified by combining a hybrid classification strategy with image stratification, applied to 15-m-resolution ASTER data. A geomorphic classification of floodplain environments was performed using a dry-stage image (ASTER data) and a 1993 Landsat image acquired during a large flood event. Accuracy assessment was based on aerial photographs (1:38,000), global positioning satellite ground-truthing, and a Landsat 7ETM⁺ image from 2000, which resulted in an overall accuracy of 82.9% and a KHAT of 79.8% for the LULC classification. The geomorphic classification yielded 83.5% overall accuracy, whereas the KHAT was 81.5%. LULC analysis was performed for the entire floodplain and individually within four valley segments. The analysis indicates that the study area is primarily utilized for grazing and farming. Agriculture is primarily associated with coarse-grained (sandy/silty) natural levee and point bar units close to the river channel, whereas cattle grazing occurs in distal and lower-lying reaches dominated by cohesive fine-grained (clayey) deposits, such as backswamps. In the Pánuco valley, wetlands and lakes occur within backswamp environments, whereas in the Moctezuma segments, wetlands and lakes are associated with relict channels. This study reveals considerable variation in LULC related to spatial differences in floodplain environments and illustrates the importance of considering older anthropogenic influences on the landscape. The research design should be applicable for other large lowland coastal plain river valleys where agriculture is a major component of the floodplain landscape.