我国直辖市畜禽养殖排放类固醇激素特征及其潜在污染风险

通过对北京、天津、重庆及上海4个直辖市畜禽养殖的统计分析,借鉴英美等发达国家的相关研究,估算了各直辖市畜禽养殖业类固醇雌激素和雄激素的年排放量,并初步探讨了各市单位耕地面积的类固醇雌激素承载量及类固醇雌激素对地表水体的潜在污染风险.结果表明,4个直辖中,重庆市的雌激素和雄激素年排放量处于4个直辖市之首,2008年两类激素的排放量分别达到1283.0和136.1 kg.北京和上海市类固醇激素总排放量均较10年前有所减少,尤其是上海市,10年间类固醇激素排放量减少了1/3.相反,天津市和重庆市的畜禽养殖业类固醇激素排放量却在增长.北京市单位耕地面积畜禽粪便类固醇雌激素的承载量最大,且明显增大,2008年达到839.1 mg·hm-2,是1998年的1.5倍.根据英国环保署(Environment Agency,United Kingdom)建议的最低可观测效应浓度10 ng·L-1,北京市和天津市的畜禽养殖排泄物有可能对当地地表水系统产生生态危害.在3种类固醇雌激素中,雌酮的排放对耕地承载的贡献最大.因此,各直辖市尤其是北京市和天津市亟需加强规模化养殖业管理,加强畜禽养殖业排污中类固醇激素的去除,保障城市的耕地及地表水生态安全.     

开展农业资源高效利用研究

本文从开展农业资源高效利用研究的必要性出发,结合国内外农业资源高效利用的研究现状,提出了中国以提高资源利用效率为核心的农业资源高效利用问题。并建议围绕①中国农业资源态势分析、优化配置与合理布局；②中国农业资源综合生产能力和人口承载能力；③不同类型区农业资源高效利用的优化模式与技术体系的集成；④农业资源高效利用中的新技术应用前景和技术政策；⑤农业资源高效利用的监测与管理技术等５个领域深入开展中国的农业资源高效利用研究。     

中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应

通过对畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和畜禽粪便排泄参数的确定,估算了我国畜禽养殖业粪便产生量并对由此产生的环境效应进行了评价.结果表明,2003年我国畜禽养殖业共产生31.90亿t粪便,是当年工业产生固体废物的3.2倍;畜禽粪便及其中的氮、磷纯养分平均耕地负荷分别为24t/hm2,N107kg/hm2和P29kg/hm2.部分地区的畜禽养殖业已经对当地环境构成了污染.     

重金属污染对土壤动物群落生态影响的研究

研究结果表明,污染区土壤动物种类计有３１类,蜱螨类和弹尾类为优势类群,其它２９类为常见类群和希有类群;土壤动物种类和数量随着污染影响程度的增加而减少,土壤物数量变化主要由于优势类群的数量消长,土壤动物种类的减少则由于污染敏感种类的减少或消失。大型土壤动物蚯蚓和蜘蛛对重金属元素有强的富集能力,体现人的Ｃｄ,ＰｈＡｓ含量与土壤中Ｃｄ,Ｐｈ,Ａｓ含量叶明显地正相关,而蜈蚣对重金属的富集明显减弱。     

湖南观光休闲农业旅游资源及其开发研究

湖南作为内陆农业大省和旅游资源大省，具有独特的“潇湘”自然生态环境本底，丰富多彩的乡村景观资源，较为优越的区位交通条件，发展观光休闲农业具有得天独厚的优势和潜力、但在开发观光休闲农业旅游资源时，应坚持市场导向，准确定位；突出乡土特色，提升文化品位；加强对乡村景观资源及其环境的保护，走可持续发展之路。     

1991年皖苏洪涝灾害分析与减灾对策—兼论流域综合治理与现代集约持续农业

本文对1991年淮河和太湖流域的洪涝灾害成因和减灾对策进行了概略分析，指出减灾的重要问题是坚持流域综合治理和区域综合开发战略，并推行现代集约农业的技术路线。     

Scale dependency in effectiveness,isolation, and social‐ecological spillover of protected areas

Protected areas are considered vital for the conservation of biodiversity. Given their central role in many conservation strategies, it is important to know whether they adequately protect biodiversity within their boundaries; whether they are becoming more isolated from other natural areas over time; and whether they play a role in facilitating or reducing land‐cover change in their surroundings. We used matching methods and national and local analyses of land‐cover change to evaluate the combined effectiveness (i.e., avoided natural‐cover loss), isolation (i.e., changes in adjacent areas), and spillover effects (i.e., impacts on adjacent areas) of 19 national parks in South Africa from 2000 to 2009. All parks had either similar or lower rates of natural‐cover loss than matched control samples. On a national level, mean net loss of natural cover and mean net gain of cultivation cover decreased with distance from park boundary, but there was considerable variation in trends around individual parks, providing evidence for both increased isolation and buffering of protected areas. Fourteen parks had significant positive spillover and reduced natural‐cover loss in their surroundings, whereas five parks experienced elevated levels of natural‐cover loss. Conclusions about social‐ecological spillover effects from protected areas depended heavily on the measures of land‐cover change used and the scale at which the results were aggregated. Our findings emphasize the need for high‐resolution data when assessing spatially explicit phenomena such as land‐cover change and challenge the usefulness of large‐scale (coarse grain, broad extent) studies for understanding social‐ecological dynamics around protected areas.     

A novel application of cultural consensus models to evaluate conservation education programs

Conservation professionals recognize the need to evaluate education initiatives with a flexible approach that is culturally appropriate. Cultural‐consensus theory (CCT) provides a framework for measuring the extent to which beliefs are communally held and has long been applied by social scientists. In a conservation‐education context, we applied CCT and used free lists (i.e., a list of items on a topic stated in order of cultural importance) and domain analysis (analysis of how free lists go together within a cultural group) to evaluate a conservation education program in which we used a children's picture book to increase knowledge about and empathy for a critically endangered mammal, the Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus). We extracted free lists of keywords generated by students (n = 580 in 18 schools) from essays they wrote before and after the education program. In 2 classroom sessions conducted approximately 18 weeks apart, we asked students to write an essay about their knowledge of the target species and then presented a book and several activities about slow loris ecology. Prior to the second session, we asked students to write a second essay. We generated free lists from both essays, quantified salience of terms used, and conducted minimal residuals factor analysis to determine presence of cultural domains surrounding slow lorises in each session. Students increased their use of words accurately associated with slow loris ecology and conservation from 43% in initial essays to 76% in final essays. Domain coherence increased from 22% to 47% across schools. Fifteen factors contributed to the domain slow loris. Between the first and second essays, factors that showed the greatest change were feeding ecology and slow loris as a forest protector, which increased 7‐fold, and the humancentric factor, which decreased 5‐fold. As demonstrated by knowledge retention and creation of unique stories and conservation opinions, children achieved all six levels of Bloom's taxonomy of learning domains. Free from the constraints of questionnaires and surveys, CCT methods provide a promising avenue to evaluate conservation education programs.     

Targeted gene flow and rapid adaptation in an endangered marsupial

Targeted gene flow is an emerging conservation strategy. It involves translocating individuals with favorable genes to areas where they will have a conservation benefit. The applications for targeted gene flow are wide-ranging but include preadapting native species to the arrival of invasive species. The endangered carnivorous marsupial, the northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus), has declined rapidly since the introduction of the cane toad (Rhinella marina), which fatally poisons quolls that attack them. There are, however, a few remaining toad-invaded quoll populations in which the quolls survive because they know not to eat cane toads. It is this toad-smart behavior we hope to promote through targeted gene flow. For targeted gene flow to be feasible, however, toad-smart behavior must have a genetic basis. To assess this, we used a common garden experiment, comparing offspring from toad-exposed and toad-naïve parents raised in identical environments, to determine whether toad-smart behavior is heritable. Offspring from toad-exposed populations were substantially less likely to eat toads than those with toad-naïve parents. Hybrid offspring showed similar responses to quolls with 2 toad-exposed parents, indicating the trait may be dominant. Together, these results suggest a heritable trait and rapid adaptive response in a small number of toad-exposed populations. Although questions remain about outbreeding depression, our results are encouraging for targeted gene flow. It should be possible to introduce toad-smart behavior into soon to be affected quoll populations.     

How well is farmers’ social situation captured by sustainability assessment tools? A Swedish case study

Recent research indicates that sustainability assessment tools (SAT) for farms need to be contextually adapted to be acceptable and useful. Focusing specifically on social sustainability, this study sought to identify important aspects of relevance for Swedish (livestock) farmers’ social situation and compare these aspects with social indicators used in three existing SATs (RISE, SAFA, IDEA). A survey revealed that social issues of key importance for the self-reported overall life satisfaction of Swedish livestock farmers are: having a good financial situation, having a similar standard of living as others, not experiencing too much stress, having meaningful work, having decent working hours, and having a desirable family situation. Of the three SATs evaluated, RISE appears best equipped to capture the social situation of Swedish farmers but does not fully address the aspect of finding work meaningful. SAFA and IDEA both fail to capture many aspects of importance for describing the social situation of Swedish farmers. We present a novel method for testing the relevance of social indicators for farmers in a specific context. Applying this method before choosing, applying, and adapting SATs for farm-level sustainability assessments would increase the relevance of the social sustainability dimension, but deeper stakeholder engagement than offered by our survey is needed.