1980~2010年浙江某典型河流硝态氮通量对净人类活动氮输入的动态响应

以浙江某典型流域为研究对象,基于1980～2010年的水质水量和氮源数据及LOADEST模型,估算了逐年河流NO-3-N通量和净人类活动氮输入(NANI),分析了河流NO-3-N通量和NANI的年际演化特征及其动态响应关系,探讨了每年NANI、滞留氮库、自然背景源对河流NO-3-N通量的贡献.结果表明,1980～2010年,河流NO-3-N通量和NANI总体上都呈现出先增后减的抛物线型变化趋势,均在1998年左右分别达到峰值5.74 kg·(hm2·a)-1和77.5 kg·(hm2·a)-1;过去31 a,河流NO-3-N通量和NANI分别净增加了～42%和～77%.化肥氮和大气氮沉降是NANI的主要来源,分别占了NANI的～48%和～40%.河流NO-3-N通量的年际变化不仅与NAIN(R2=0.27**)和化肥氮输入量(R2=0.32**)显著相关,而且与河流年均流量(R2=0.79**)或降雨量(R2=0.63**)具有更强的相关性,意味着河流NO-3-N的来源除了当年的NAIN,还受滞留氮库的影响.所建立的以NANI和流量为自变量的回归模型能很好地模拟河流NO-3-N通量变化(R2=0.94**).该模型预测结果显示,在NANI和流量分别降低30%的情况下,河流年均NO-3-N通量将分别减少～21%和～30%;每年的NANI、滞留氮库、自然背景源对河流当年NO-3-N通量的贡献率分别为～53%、～24%、～23%.河流NO-3-N通量长期的年际变化是NANI和水文要素共同作用的结果;但是,由于滞留氮库的影响,与源控制方式相比,增加"汇"景观应该能更加快速地削减河流NO-3-N通量.     

天津地区相对海平面变化最新进展及发展趋势分析

相对海平面上升是一个缓慢、渐进过程,但长期的积累可以使得上升幅度相当可观,从而加剧风暴潮、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵和咸潮等灾害致灾程度。基于验潮位监测和卫星观测结果显示,全球海平面在20世纪中期平均上升1.5~2.0 mm/a,而近30年中国沿海海平面上升速率为2.6~2.7 mm/a,高于全球平均值。渤海湾天津地区由于地面沉降显著,而导致相对海平面大幅度上升。滨海地区地面沉降速率在未来50至100年内可能会稳定在1.0~2.0 cm/a范围,结合目前海平面上升速率2.7 mm/a,总的相对海平面上升速率处于12.7~22.7 mm/a范围。由此估计,到2050年,天津地区相对海平面将比2012年高出48.3~86.3 cm,而到2100年,将比2012年高出111.8~199.8 cm。     

苏北潮滩温室气体排放的时空变化及影响因素

滨海湿地温室气体CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的排放在全球碳氮循环中发挥着重要的作用,进一步影响着全球气候变化.为研究滨海湿地CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放的时空变化及影响因素,以苏北潮滩为例,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,于2013年4月至2014年3月,测定了不同时空尺度下CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量的变化规律,并分析了影响温室气体通量变化的环境因素.结果表明,CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量的季节变化的最大值出现在夏季,CO_2和N_2O通量的最小值出现在冬季,而CH_4在春季表现为弱吸收;互花米草滩年均排放CO_2量最大,为(766.3±496.9)mg·(m2·h)~(-1),芦苇滩年均排放CH_4和N_2O最大,分别是(0.420±0.900)mg·(m2·h)~(-1)和(17.4±5.0)μg·(m2·h)~(-1).光滩表现为对CH_4的吸收,为(-0.004±0.032)mg·(m2·h)~(-1),对CO_2和N_2O的排放,且排放通量最小,分别是(57.1±16.2)mg·(m2·h)~(-1)和(6.1±2.1)μg·(m2·h)~(-1).全球变暖潜能的最大值出现在互花米草滩,为68 841.280 kg·(hm2·a)~(-1),分别是芦苇滩和碱蓬滩的1.41倍和3.02倍,光滩的GWP最小,为5 002.100 kg·(hm2·a)~(-1).通过Pearson相关分析发现,除光滩外,CO_2通量与气温、土温呈显著的相关性(P0.05),而CH_4和N_2O通量与温度则不存在显著的相关性.尽管如此,CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量的时间变化更多地是受温度以及植被生长状况的影响,而空间变化则主要由植被的状况所决定;外来种互花米草主要是通过增加CO_2排放来影响滨海湿地的全球变暖潜能.     

西安市人为源挥发性有机物排放清单及研究

对西安市各类VOCs人为源进行系统分类,收集活动水平数据,应用国内外排放因子研究的最新成果,采用排放因子法建立了西安市2014年人为源VOCs排放清单.结果表明:2014年西安市人为源大气VOCs排放量为11.51×104t,其中,固定燃烧源、生物质燃烧源、工艺过程源、有机溶剂使用源、移动源、油品存储与销售源和废弃物处理源的排放量分别占VOCs排放总量的2.53%、3.32%、13.30%、51.50%、23.64%、4.82%和1.02%.油墨印刷、建筑涂料和汽车喷涂为有机溶剂使用源重点排放行业,VOCs排放量占到排放总量的48.89%;工艺过程源中化学药品、医药制造、原油加工和化学纤维为重点排放行业,VOCs排放量占到排放总量的10.19%.各区县中,长安区、雁塔区、未央区、碑林区VOCs排放量明显较高,其分担率分别为16.53%、14.88%、14.47%和12.99%.     

我国人为源气态活性氮排放时空变动特征分析

随着粮食和能源需求的增加,农业生产和化石燃料燃烧带来的活性氮污染越来越成为影响我国环境和人民健康的重要因素之一.通过对2000、2005及2010年全国31个省(直辖市、自治区)的人为源气态活性氮排放总量、单位GDP及单位人均排放量的Moran's I指数和GetisOrd G*i指数进行空间分析,探讨了气态活性氮排放及其强度的时空变动特征.结果表明,全国的气态活性氮排放及其强度呈现明显的空间集聚特征.在空间分布特征上,全国活性氮排放表现为高值集聚分布,其热点主要位于华北平原和长江中下游平原地区;排放强度方面则为高值聚集和低值聚集兼备.通过对3个年份的冷热点比较分析发现,排放强度的冷点地区变化较小,热点地区变化较大.其中,单位GDP排放强度方面,冷点地区处于东南沿海地区,热点地区则由西北地区缩小到四川、甘肃两省;而单位人口排放强度方面,冷点地区范围有所缩减,热点地区则由分散转变为集中分布于京津冀及周边的山西、内蒙古和辽宁等.分析人为源气态活性氮时空分布格局和特征及其形成原因,可为评估和减缓气态活性氮排放对生态环境的影响提供科学基础.     

长江三角洲水田保护性耕作制度的碳收集效应估算

耕作制度对农田土壤有机碳的稳定和积累作用显著,探讨耕作制度演变下农田土壤碳库动态,将有助于农田土壤碳收集的技术选择及政策制定。利用已发表的田间定位试验数据,构建不同耕作制度下长江三角洲水田耕层土壤有机碳密度的估算模型。依据该区近20多年来耕作制度演变动态,对保护性耕作制度的土壤碳收集效应进行了初步估算。结果表明,油菜面积的扩大、小麦的少免耕和作物秸秆的还田分别约增加土壤耕层有机碳0.94 Tg、2.76 Tg和3.95 Tg,其中以麦稻复种转向油稻复种的单位面积碳收集效应为最高。最后,就碳收集效应估算的方法进行了相关讨论,并就土壤碳收集研究和如何提高土壤碳收集潜力提出了一些建议。     

论上海全球城市建设

全球化正在导致城市与区域的空间重构。伴随世界经济增长重心向亚太地区转移,产生新的全球城市将成为亚太地区城市发展的特征之一。中国正成为东亚地区增长最快、经济最具活力的地区之一,上海则极有希望崛起成为一个重要的全球城市。首先总结了全球城市的特征,并简要从国际资本流、国际贸易、跨国公司总部、金融业及高级生产者服务业、国际交通通讯信息平台等方面分析得出上海已具全球城市雏形,同时也指出了其与主要全球城市的差距;在此基础上,阐述了上海为建设全球城市而必须进行的调整与转型,主要包括产业结构重构和转移、社会结构转型、城市空间扩展等方面;最后提出了上海全球城市的建设目标,即建成全球制造业管理中心、全球交通中心、全球交易中心。     

Complex and nonlinear climate-driven changes in freshwater insect communities over 42 years

The ongoing biodiversity crisis becomes evident in the widely observed decline in abundance and diversity of species, profound changes in community structure, and shifts in species’ phenology. Insects are among the most affected groups, with documented decreases in abundance up to 76% in the last 25–30 years in some terrestrial ecosystems. Identifying the underlying drivers is a major obstacle as most ecosystems are affected by multiple stressors simultaneously and in situ measurements of environmental variables are often missing. In our study, we investigated a headwater stream belonging to the most common stream type in Germany located in a nature reserve with no major anthropogenic impacts except climate change. We used the most comprehensive quantitative long-term data set on aquatic insects available, which includes weekly measurements of species-level insect abundance, daily water temperature and stream discharge as well as measurements of additional physicochemical variables for a 42-year period (1969–2010). Overall, water temperature increased by 1.88 °C and discharge patterns changed significantly. These changes were accompanied by an 81.6% decline in insect abundance, but an increase in richness (+8.5%), Shannon diversity (+22.7%), evenness (+22.4%), and interannual turnover (+34%). Moreover, the community's trophic structure and phenology changed: the duration of emergence increased by 15.2 days, whereas the peak of emergence moved 13.4 days earlier. Additionally, we observed short-term fluctuations (<5 years) in almost all metrics as well as complex and nonlinear responses of the community toward climate change that would have been missed by simply using snapshot data or shorter time series. Our results indicate that climate change has already altered biotic communities severely even in protected areas, where no other interacting stressors (pollution, habitat fragmentation, etc.) are present. This is a striking example of the scientific value of comprehensive long-term data in capturing the complex responses of communities toward climate change.     

Metal Fractionation Studies in Surfacial and Core Sediments in the Achankovil River Basin in India

The Fractionation of Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn and Cd in the sediments of the Achankovil River, Western Ghats, India using a sequential extraction method was carried out to understand the metal availability in the basin for biotic and abiotic activities. Spatial distribution of heavy metals has been studied. Sediment grain size has significant control over the heavy metal distribution. The fluctuations in their concentration partly depend upon the lithology of the river basin and partly the anthropogenic activities. The sediments are dominated by sand and are moderately to strongly positively skewed and are very leptokurtotic in nature. The quartzite and feldspars are abundant minerals along with significant amount of mica with low clay content. The core sediments show increasing trend of heavy metal concentration with depth due to the recent addition of anthropogenic sources and post-diagenic activities. Significant amount of Cd (18%) was found in carbonate fraction, which may pose environmental problems due to its toxic nature. Small concentrations of metals, except Cd and Cu, are in exchangeable fraction, which indicate low bio-availability. Enrichment Factor (EF) for individual metals shows the contribution from terrregious and in part from anthropogenic sources. Selective Sequential Extraction (SSE) study shows the variation in specific metal distribution pattern, their distribution in different phases and their bio-availability. Maximum amount of the metals were bound to the non-residual fractions (mainly Fe-oxides). Overall, bio-availability of these micronutrients from sediments seems to be very less. Non-residual phase is the most important phase for majority of heavy metals studied. Among the non-residual fraction, maximum amount of the heavy metals bound to Fe-oxides. The study high lights the need for in-depth study of heavy metals distribution and fractionation in the smaller river basins to get precise information on the behavior and transport of heavy metals in the fluvial environment and their contribution to the world ocean.     

Topsoil organic carbon mineralization and CO2 evolution of three paddy soils from South China and the temperature dependence

Carbon mineralization and its response to climatic warming have been receiving global attention for the last decade. Although the virtual influence of temperature effect is still in great debate, little is known on the mineralization of organic carbon （SOC） of paddy soils of China under warming. SOC mineralization of three major types of China＇s paddy soils is studied through laboratory incubation for 114 d under soil moisture regime of 70% water holding capacity at 20℃ and 25℃ respectively. The carbon that mineralized as CO2 evolved was measured every day in the first 32 d and every two days in the following days. Carbon mineralized during the 114 d incubation ranged from 3.51 to 9.22 mg CO2-C/gC at 20℃ and from 4.24 to 11.35 mg CO2-C/gC at 25℃ respectively; and a mineralizable C pool in the range of 0.24 to 0.59 gC/kg, varying with different soils. The whole course of C mineralization in the 114 d incubation could be divided into three stages of varying rates, representing the three subpools of the total mineralizable C： very actively mineralized C at 1-23 d, actively tnineralized C at 24--74 d and a slowly mineralized pool with low and more or less stabilized C mineralization rate at 75-114 d. The calculated Q10 values ranged from 1.0 to 2.4, varying with the soil types and N status. Neither the total SOC pool nor the labile C pool could account for the total mineralization potential of the soils studied, despite a well correlation of labile C with the shortly and actively mineralized C, which were shown in sensitive response to soil warming. However, the portion of microbial C pool and the soil C/N ratio controlled the C mineralization and the temperature dependence. Therefore, C sequestration may not result in an increase of C mineralization proportionally. The relative control of C bioavailability and microbial metabolic activity on C mineralization with respect to stabilization of sequestered C in the paddy soils of China is to be further studied.