通过科研活动培养学生综合能力的思考

高等教育的任务是培养具有创新精神和实践能力的高级专门人才。本文着重对科研活动的选题、教师对学生指导方式、学生创新能力培养、科研活动中的教书育人进行了探讨。     

纳米气敏材料的研究与发展趋势

各种气体尤其是对可燃性气体和毒性气体的检测和监控已成为企业当前急需解决的问题之一。纳米技术对提高气敏材料的灵敏度、选择性和长期稳定性有重要的作用,并且能降低工作温度和缩短温度的响应时间。文中论述了氢气、硫化氢、碳氢化合物、氮氧化合物、乙醇、丙酮等气体的纳米气敏材料的研究现状,并对其发展的趋势进行了预测。     

废钻井液复合固化处理技术及应用研究

为了达到“以废治废、变废为宝”的目的,胜利油田对废钻井液固化处理技术进行了研究。详细分析了钻井液的有害成分及固化处理的作用机理,在确定了固化物设计指标的前提下,进行了大量实验室分析、检测及试样配比研究,得到了适合不同钻井液体系的固化处理配方,并对复合固结材料进行了击实、抗干湿、抗冻融等耐久性试验。结果表明,28d后,复合固结材料的抗压强度一般为0.5～1.5 MPa,可用于铺设简易道路或修建井场用。另外,在废钻井液中添加固结材料、稳定剂及骨料,并利用废钻井液的潜在活性,使其成为具有硅酸盐凝胶结构或水泥石结构的建筑材料,可以进行砌体施工。该项技术具有显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

帕默尔干旱指标及其应用研究进展

干旱灾害是世界各国,尤其是我国最为严重的自然灾害之一.不同领域、不同应用中所定义的干旱指标各不相同.气象干旱是其他各类干旱的基础,而帕默尔(Palmer)干旱指标是气象干旱的主流指标,有着广泛的影响,该指标能反映干旱的成因、程度及开始、结束和持续时间,具有物理意义明确、涉及资料容易获得和参数计算简便等特点.根据国内外大量文献,对帕默尔干旱指标的研究进展进行了回顾,对其应用进行了总结,同时对未来帕默尔旱度模式的进一步修正进行了展望.     

The practice of participatory research and gender analysis in natural resource management

Stakeholder participation is expected to improve the efficiency, equity, and sustainability of natural resource management research and development (R&D) projects by ensuring that research reflects users’ priorities, needs, capabilities, and constraints. Use of participatory methods and tools is growing rapidly; however, there is little systematic evidence about what participation actually means in practice, or about what difference it makes. Based on an inventory of 59 self‐described participatory R&D projects in the area of natural resource management, this article characterizes the typical project and analyzes how stakeholders are selected, how they participate in the research process, and what their involvement means for project costs and impacts. The results suggest that, while projects are generating a range of direct and indirect benefits for participants, more careful attention needs to be paid to achieving equitable impacts. Current practices may lag behind best practices in key areas, such as power sharing and participant selection, and may therefore be missing important contributions from women and other marginalized groups.     

BUILDING THE AGENDA FOR INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH IN WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: This paper pursues more specifically the recommendations of a recent National Research Council report recommending greater attention to research on institutions in the field of water resource management. The important challenge for the future in institutional research lies in going beyond the observation that institutions are important and in explaining instead how institutions actually affect management options and outcomes. It is possible to illuminate the relationships between institutional features and water management through comparative institutional research. This paper offers recommendations for studying water institutions in a comparative context, including methodological recommendations concerning approaches to comparative institutional research, and topics for comparative institutional research that appear especially fruitful at this time. The example of conjunctive management is used to illustrate the importance of institutional factors in water management, drawing to some extent on the authors’ recent experience with a comparative study of conjunctive management institutions.     

原油及产品对藻类毒性影响研究

藻类具有种类繁多，个体小，生长繁殖迅速，对毒物的毒性敏感等特点，它长时间在水中生长，能客观地反映原油及产品对水体污染所产生的毒害综合效应。实验室中毒性研究通常采用纯种藻类培养来评价油的急性和早期毒性影响。经过实验室研究及原油泄漏现场调查研究表明：在含油的生态系统中油能刺激藻类的生长。在油污染过的水体中，原油中的轻烃和较易挥发的组分对藻类的毒性影响最大，原油泄漏的短期毒性影响和二次影响同等重要，油对藻类种群结构也具有重要的毒性影响。     

试论灾害评估信息系统的研究进展

本文从灾害评估理论、评估指标体系、评估方法体系、减灾数据库和灾害评估信息系统集成等方面着手，在回顾前人研究成果的基础上，分析了灾害评估信息系统研究中存在的问题，并提出了灾害评估信息系统新的研究方向和领域。     

江苏省地震前兆观测台网的数字化建设及存在的问题

简要介绍了江苏数字地震前兆台网的概况及其技术特点，列出了目前存在的问题，并对其中一些问题提出了改善建议。