高技能人才工伤保护改进路径

高技能人才由于职业、岗位、才技与众不同,其工伤保护也存在一些特殊性。实践中,并未专门针对高技能人才制定特别的工伤保护措施。为此,笔者分析高技能人才工作时段和场所较易变动、劳动强度较大等特点,提出风险和事故的高发生率是科技活动内在的客观规律等,提出应给予失败者和事故责任者必要的宽容。建议政府应结合不同行业、不同岗位的技术含量和风险特点,从工伤认定、劳动能力鉴定、工伤保险待遇及浮动费率核算几方面改进现有工伤保护政策,且应加强高技能人才工伤预防和促进高技能人才职业康复。结合前文论述,笔者提出了相应政策和实用的对策。     

Science and values in risk assessment: The case of deliberate release of genetically engineered organisms

To make more responsible decisions regarding risk and to understand disagreements and controversies in risk assessments, it is important to know how and where values are infused into risk assessment and how they are embedded in the conclusions. In this article an attempt is made to disentangle the relationship of science and values in decision-making concerning the deliberate release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) into the environment. This exercise in applied philosophy of science is based on Helen Longino's contextual empiricism which attempts to reconcile the objectivity of science with its social and cultural construction. Longino distinguishes different levels of research on which values apparently contextual with respect to a given research program can shape the knowledge emerging from that program. Her scheme is applied for locating and identifying the values that affect environment risk assessments of the field experiments with GMOs. The article concludes with some provisional suggestions for the decision process and the role of scientists in it.     

THE LOUISIANA ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND ITS UTILITY IN WATER RESOURCE PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: The Louisiana Environmental Management System (LEMS) is a data processing program developed to aid the Louisiana Joint Legislative Committee on Environmental Quality in decisions leading to resources legislation. Serving as a central data collection and retrieval point for various agencies, the LEMS will maintain assembled information on the location of monitoring stations and coordinate the files of user agencies with data on: land use; air and water quality; meteorological, climatological, and hydrological phenomena; vegetation; fish and wildlife conservation; population; and economics. This data is geographically stored in relation to the state plane coordinate system. For decision making, all pertinent hydrologic, topographic, engineering, cadastral, and other information from separate sources can be automatically mapped as a combined overlay to one of three chosen scales. Land-use patterns are the input data for iterative analyses of present conditions and simulated future human activities for assessing the environmental impact of proposed multiple-purpose water resource developments.     

DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO STREAM CHANNEL ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING1

ABSTRACT: We suggest that a diagnostic procedure, not unlike that followed in medical practice, provides a logical basis for stream channel assessment and monitoring. Our argument is based on the observation that a particular indicator or measurement of stream channel condition can mean different things depending upon the local geomorphic context and history of the channel in question. This paper offers a conceptual framework for diagnosing channel condition, evaluating channel response, and developing channel monitoring programs. The proposed diagnostic framework assesses reach‐level channel conditions as a function of location in the channel network, regional and local biogeomorphic context, controlling influences such as sediment supply and transport capacity, riparian vegetation, the supply of in‐channel flow obstructions, and disturbance history. Field assessments of key valley bottom and active channel characteristics are needed to formulate an accurate diagnosis of channel conditions. A similar approach and level of understanding is needed to design effective monitoring programs, as stream type and channel state greatly affect the type and magnitude of channel response to changes in discharge and sediment loads. General predictions are made for five channel types with respect to the response of various stream characteristics to an increase in coarse sediment inputs, fine sediment inputs, and the size and frequency of peak flows, respectively. These predictions provide general hypotheses and guidance for channel assessment and monitoring. However, the formulation of specific diagnostic criteria and monitoring protocols must be tailored to specific geographic areas because of the variability in the controls on channel condition within river basins and between regions. The diagnostic approach to channel assessment and monitoring requires a relatively high level of training and experience, but proper application should result in useful interpretation of channel conditions and response potential.     

坚持深化教学改革努力培养应用型人才

本文从师资队伍建设、实验室建设、教学改革与管理、科技创新、毕业设计等五个方面，论述了如何加强专业建设，深化教学改革，提高教学质量，为社会培养厚基础、高素质、强能力、有特色的工程技术应用型人才。     

基于气候调节的城市通风道探析

近年来,夏季炎热的气候和愈来愈强的热岛效应使城市饱受因挠,而城市设计策略中缺乏有效的生态规划方法来解决目前存在的问题,城市对炎热气候的适应性不足。论文在利用CFD(计算流体动力学)技术进行实例模拟分析的基础上,重点介绍了一种在城市尺度进行节能设计的新方法:在城市中建立多种形式的通风道,提高城市的通风和排热能力,以达到利用自然资源和有效的规划方式降低夏季城市“热岛”温度、节约能源的目的。文中详细论述了通风道的可行性和必要性、营建方式、注意原则等问题,并进行了一系列的计算机风场模拟研究。     

行为形成因子与人为差错模式的定性关联分析

为揭示人为差错的发生规律以便有效管理人为差错,研究行为形成因子与人为差错模式间的对应关系。将行为形成因子作为情景环境的表征,在SRK(skill,rule,knowledge)模型的基础上,将认知功能的效能分为3种指标:全面性、准确性和效率,将认知功能与效能指标相结合得到人为差错模式的分类。在此基础上,根据经验详细分析行为形成因子对认知功能3种效能指标的影响,得到行为形成因子与人为差错模式的关联关系表格。该关联关系是定性的,包含密切关联、重要关联、一般关联和没有关联4种关联程度,不但可以用于人为差错事件的调查,而且可以用于人为差错模式的预测。     

Driver-training and emergency brake performance in cars with antilock braking systems

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a two-day post-license driver-training program on brake performance in cars with antilock braking systems (ABS). A trainee group (n = 26) and a control group (n = 13) participated in the experiment. The trainee group were enrolled in a two-day training course that included instruction in a braking technique that may be used in cars with and without ABS. All participants performed emergency brake tests from 80 and 100 km h⁻¹ in an instrumented car before and after the training period. Results indicated the post-training group used a smoother braking profile, were less reliant on ABS activation, had enhanced postural stability, but took about one car length longer to stop from 100 km h⁻¹ compared with the control group. Implications of these results for braking in cars with and without ABS, and for driver education programs in general are discussed.     

COD监测技术及其方法的发展

现在测定COD多数采用的是重铬酸钾硫酸回流法消解水样,此方法存在着消解后铬盐排放会造成二次污染、回流氧化时间过长、因使用剧毒的汞盐作掩蔽剂易引起汞污染等缺点。针对这些缺点本文将介绍一些新的方法和监测技术。