The functions of social service workers at a time of war against a civilian population

This article identifies the nature of functions that social service workers employed by municipal organisations have to perform during a community disaster and subsequent reorganisation at a time of war. The article also explores to what extent the functions of workers change as a result of the transition from a peacetime routine to a war situation. Using focus groups the study assesses the knowledge of social service workers and ordinary citizens who had direct experience of the second Lebanese war in Israel (2006). Eight major functions needed at a time of disaster are distinguished among various employees. The article discusses the significance of these functions, and the need to make changes in the network of functions at a time of disaster.     

Study on Simulating Spatial Distribution and Varying Patterns of Urumqi's Population

Abstract

In this paper, an approach to simulate the spatial distribution of urban population is proposed using urban land use and population statistical data through the geographical information systems (GIS). Then, the spatial population distribution of Urumqi as a case is simulated by the approach mentioned above and its varying patterns are analyzed by the raster population surface. As a result, producing raster population surface is more accurate and natural than the traditional choropleth map of population density. Concerning the spatial population distribution of Urumqi, the population density declines from south to north and the population distribution mainly presents “T-type”, the population distribution presents multi-centre agglomeration and the population distribution of the districts shows different features. The population density varies significantly with the increase in the distance from central business district (CBD). Finally, it is found in this paper that the development history of districts, terrain and traffic road are main factors that have an influence Urumqi's population distribution. This paper tries to provide more accurate population data for the plan and management of urban land, traffic and public facilities in order to enrich the researches on urban population distribution.     

生态城市规划中人口预测--以昆山市生态城市规划为例

生态城市规划中人口预测对于经济发展预测、各个生态专项规划及制定建设决策都具有重要的借鉴意义。结合昆山生态城市规划实例,分析了昆山人口终极规模,并从人口总量、分布、素质和城市化等方面对昆山不同规划期进行人口预测。     

溶解氧对OLAND生物膜反应器硝化性能的影响及其微生物种群动态研究

采用以多孔球悬浮填料为载体的限氧亚硝化生物膜处理高氨氮、低碳源的废水,通过对DO控制在0.5~1.0 mg/L,实现硝化阶段出水中的氨氮与亚硝态氮的比例达到最适值1∶(1.2±0.2),从而为后阶段的厌氧氨氧化系统提供理想的进水,进而提高氮的去除率;同时应用PCR-DGGE对硝化阶段不同时期的生物膜中微生物的种群动态变化进行了分析。研究表明,群落结构和优势种群的数量具有时序动态性,微生物多样性与废水的处理效果出现协同变化的特征。测序结果表明,在生物膜中进行氨氧化作用的主要为亚硝化杆菌(Ni-trosomonassp.)、亚硝化螺菌(Nitrosospirasp.);进行亚硝酸氧化的主要为硝化球菌(Nitrococcussp.)。     

关于大型商贸市场消防安全设计的探讨

借鉴国内外消防安全设计成功经验,跟踪国际火灾科学研究,探求一种适用于大型商贸市场的消防安全设计。以具体实例为对象,详细分析了该类建筑的建筑特点及火灾的危险性,采用了非常规性的消防安全设计理念,以满足大型商贸市场的现代化经营方式及消防安全的需要,其阐述和讨论结果可为进一步进行消防安全设计提供参考。     

Ontogeny and Population: Developmental Stability and Population Variation

By definition, the ontogenetic and population organization levels are fundamentally different. Studies at these levels are traditionally independent. However, it becomes increasingly evident that special analysis of individuals in terms of ontogeny is necessary for correct estimation of populations and their spatiotemporal dynamics, as well as for understanding the mechanisms of population processes.     

Shift of Spawning Season and Effects of Climate Warming on Developmental Stages of a Grayling (Salmonidae)

Abstract: River‐dwelling fish, such as European graylings (Thymallus thymallus), are susceptible to changes in climate because they can often not avoid suboptimal temperatures, especially during early developmental stages. We analyzed data collected in a 62‐year‐long (1948–2009) population monitoring program. Male and female graylings were sampled about three times/week during the yearly spawning season in order to follow the development of the population. The occurrence of females bearing ripe eggs was used to approximate the timing of each spawning season. In the last years of the study, spawning season was more than 3 weeks earlier than in the first years. This shift was linked to increasing water temperatures as recorded over the last 39 years with a temperature logger at the spawning site. In early spring water temperatures rose more slowly than in later spring. Thus, embryos and larvae were exposed to increasingly colder water at a stage that is critical for sex determination and pathogen resistance in other salmonids. In summer, however, fry were exposed to increasingly warmer temperatures. The changes in water temperatures that we found embryos, larvae, and fry were exposed to could be contributing to the decline in abundance that has occurred over the last 30–40 years.     

Population Viability Analysis with Species Occurrence Data from Museum Collections

Abstract: The most comprehensive data on many species come from scientific collections. Thus, we developed a method of population viability analysis (PVA) in which this type of occurrence data can be used. In contrast to classical PVA, our approach accounts for the inherent observation error in occurrence data and allows the estimation of the population parameters needed for viability analysis. We tested the sensitivity of the approach to spatial resolution of the data, length of the time series, sampling effort, and detection probability with simulated data and conducted PVAs for common, rare, and threatened species. We compared the results of these PVAs with results of standard method PVAs in which observation error is ignored. Our method provided realistic estimates of population growth terms and quasi‐extinction risk in cases in which the standard method without observation error could not. For low values of any of the sampling variables we tested, precision decreased, and in some cases biased estimates resulted. The results of our PVAs with the example species were consistent with information in the literature on these species. Our approach may facilitate PVA for a wide range of species of conservation concern for which demographic data are lacking but occurrence data are readily available.