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191.
地被物对土壤水分动态和水量平衡的影响研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
通过土壤水分渗漏装置试验研究了百喜草( Paspalum notatum) 及其枯落物在红壤坡地对土
壤水分动态和水量平衡的影响。结果表明, 百喜草覆盖(A) 、百喜草敷盖(B) 、裸露对照(C) 的地表径
流系数分别为1.35%、2.78%和32.74%, C 的地表径流量分别是A、B 的24.25 倍和11.78 倍。A、B、C
的月均土壤含水量变化规律显示, 地被物对土壤含水量的影响随季节的不同而不同, 不同地被物可
以增加或减少土壤水分。年均土壤含水量排列顺序是: B( 27.09%) >A( 26.46%) >C( 26.27%) 。不同处
理水量平衡各分量有较大差异。在2002 年降雨量1 808.5mm 的情况下, A、B、C 的年总径流深分别
为1 245.24、1 453.81 和1 383.23mm, 蒸散量分别为562.74、347.91 和413.82mm, 土壤蓄水年变化
量分别为0.52、6.78 和11.45mm。 相似文献
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193.
Matthew R. Redding Alan Skerman John Ritchie Kenneth D. Casey 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2007,120(2-4):166-178
Nutrient mass balances have been used to assess a variety of land resource scenarios, at various scales. They are widely used as a simple basis for policy, planning, and regulatory decisions but it is not clear how accurately they reflect reality. This study provides a critique of broad-scale nutrient mass balances, with particular application to the fertiliser use of beef lot-feeding manure in Queensland.Mass balances completed at the district and farm scale were found to misrepresent actual manure management behaviour and potentially the risk of nutrient contamination of water resources. The difficulties of handling stockpile manure and concerns about soil compaction mean that manure is spread thickly over a few paddocks at a time and not evenly across a whole farm. Consequently, higher nutrient loads were applied to a single paddock less frequently than annually. This resulted in years with excess nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium remaining in the soil profile. This conclusion was supported by evidence of significant nutrient movement in several of the soil profiles studied.Spreading manure is profitable, but maximum returns can be associated with increased risk of nutrient leaching relative to conventional inorganic fertiliser practices. Bio-economic simulations found this increased risk where manure was applied to supply crop nitrogen requirements (the practice of the case study farms, 200–5000 head lot-feeders).Thus, the use of broad-scale mass balances can be misleading because paddock management is spatially heterogeneous and this leads to increased local potential for nutrient loss. In response to the effect of spatial heterogeneity policy makers who intend to use mass balance techniques to estimate potential for nutrient contamination should apply these techniques conservatively. 相似文献
194.
磺胺类抗生素和氟苯尼考(FFC)是浙江省普遍使用的抗生素,在土壤上吸附弱而易于迁移,存在较高的环境风险.近年来,粪源抗生素对农田土壤潜在风险的研究多是在实验室条件下添加粪肥的方式进行,无法评估自然施肥状态下抗生素的污染风险.因此以浙江省长期施用不同肥料(鸡粪、猪粪和化肥)的5种旱地农田土壤[临安(LA)、嘉善(JS)、龙游(LY)、开化(KH)和金华(JH)]为对象,选用4种常用的抗生素[磺胺嘧啶(SD)、磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SMT)、磺胺甲基异噁唑(SMZ)和FFC],进行批量平衡实验,探究土壤不同类型和粪肥类型对抗生素在土壤中吸附的影响.结果表明,4种抗生素在实验土壤中的吸附都较弱,吸附次序为:SMT(1.44~13.23 mg(1-(1/n))·L1/n·kg-1)>SMZ(0.73~6.05 mg(1-(1/n))·L1/n·kg-1)>SD(0.16~5.57 mg(1-(1/n))·L1/n·... 相似文献
195.
环保资产评估是石化企业资产评估的重要组成部分,涉及资产所有者、经营者和使用者的合法权益,应当加以关注。借鉴现有资产评估的方法,提出了企业资产交易活动中有关环保资产评估的几个基本概念、主要内容、原则、范围、方法和标准,并做了简要说明。 相似文献
196.
J. D. Wijnhoud Yothin Konboon Rod D. B. Lefroy 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2003,100(2-3):119
In northeast Thailand, the sustainability of rainfed lowland rice-based systems, the dominant land-use system (LUS) in the region, is a concern for the welfare of the population in this relatively poor region. Poor soil fertility and low inputs are seen as major causes of this lack of sustainability. In this context, the assessment of nutrient budgets is seen as a powerful tool for the assessment of critical components of the sustainability of this particular LUS. Biophysical, socioeconomic, and management-related data on the farming systems were collected for 30 farms in Ubon Ratchathani Province, northeast Thailand. A relational database system (RDBS) was developed to manage and analyze the data. The RDBS includes a calculation procedure for the semi-automatic generation of partial nutrient balances. Partial nutrient balances are good indicators for some critical components of sustainability, and important for decision support on soil fertility management when considered with the additional factors that are required for a full nutrient balance.For the rice-based systems of 30 farms, mean partial balances were 12 kg N ha−1, 8 kg P ha−1, and 7 kg K ha−1 per year. Large variations in partial N, P, and K balances exist among different farms and, even more so, for different land utilization types (LUTs). The LUTs are distinct cropping system–management combinations that occur down to the subfield level. Many of the partial balances assessed were negative.Farmers manage nutrients for similar parcels of land in very different ways. This results in the observed large variation in partial nutrient balances, even for the same type of land use within the same farm. These results confirm the high inter-farm and intra-farm variability for partial balances of N, P, and K of several preliminary studies. Farmer interviews and field surveys revealed that different socioeconomic factors appear to be related with inter- and intra-farm variability in nutrient budgets. In addition, the socioeconomic component of the case study revealed that diversification of income sources, particularly off-farm employment, had a larger impact on household income than rice production. Furthermore, while many less well-off households had a greater reliance on rice production, many farms with high off-farm and non-rice farm income had a higher total production of rice.The nutrient balance approach, starting with partial nutrient balances, may become an important component of a dynamic and site-specific decision support tool (DST) for nutrient management, and a relational database of the form used in this study may become a key element. 相似文献
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