锅炉量化管理是企业挖潜节能的重要途径

通过对辽河油田公司有关企业开展清洁生产审核,总结出了燃料锅炉量化管理的方法。在自然对流烘干室改造、碱液浓缩炉改造、燃煤锅炉设计效率核准等实例中,该方法可昭示能耗大的"瓶颈"部位,进而为企业制定节能方案、提出具体的节能改造措施提供了科学依据。实践证明:实施锅炉量化管理是企业挖掘节能潜力的重要途径。     

NUTRIENT MASS BALANCE AND TRENDS,MOBILE RIVER BASIN,ALABAMA, GEORGIA,AND MISSISSIPPI1

ABSTRACT: A nutrient mass balance — accounting for nutrient inputs from atmospheric deposition, fertilizer, crop nitrogen fixation, and point source effluents; and nutrient outputs, including crop harvest and storage — was calculated for 18 subbasins in the Mobile River Basin, and trends (1970 to 1997) were evaluated as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Agricultural nonpoint nitrogen and phosphorus sources and urban nonpoint nitrogen sources are the most important factors associated with nutrients in this system. More than 30 percent of nitrogen yield in two basins and phosphorus yield in eight basins can be attributed to urban point source nutrient inputs. The total nitrogen yield (1.3 tons per square mile per year) for the Tombigbee River, which drains a greater percentage of agricultural (row crop) land use, was larger than the total nitrogen yield (0.99 tons per square mile per year) for the Alabama River. Decreasing trends of total nitrogen concentrations in the Tombigbee and Alabama Rivers indicate that a reduction occurred from 1975 to 1997 in the nitrogen contributions to Mobile Bay from the Mobile River. Nitrogen concentrations also decreased (1980 to 1995) in the Black Warrior River, one of the major tributaries to the Tombigbee River. Total phosphorus concentrations increased from 1970 to 1996 at three urban influenced sites on the Etowah River in Georgia. Multiple regression analysis indicates a distinct association between water quality in the streams of the Mobile River drainage basin and agricultural activities in the basin.     

GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY NEMATICIDES: INFLUENCE OF RECHARGE TIMING UNDER PINEAPPLE CROP1

ABSTRACT: Toxic organic compounds, such as DBCP, EDB, and c TCP, that are associated with pineapple cultivation in Hawaii have been discovered in drinking water wells on Oahu. In order to reach and contaminate the Pearl Harbor aquifer, pesticides must be transported quickly downward away from the soil surface prior to complete volatilization, degradation, or adsorption of residuals. This paper assesses the role of pesticide application timing relative to subsequent rainfall-induced recharge events in determining the amount and extent of chemical leaching from the soil. A water balance model for a pineapple crop is developed to estimate the time series of recharge from two fields for which soil contamination profiles are available. In general, the amounts of DBCP, EDB, and TCP found in the soil profiles of the two fields are consistent with expectations of leaching based on an analysis of the recharge time series. The results indicate that recharge during and immediately following the application of pesticides is important in determining whether groundwater contamination will result.     

The Water‐Year Water Balance of the Colorado River Basin

Model‐estimated monthly water balance components (i.e., potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration, and runoff (R)) for 146 United States (U.S.) Geological Survey 8‐digit hydrologic units located in the Colorado River Basin (CRB) are used to examine the temporal and spatial variability of the CRB water balance for water years 1901 through 2014 (a water year is the period from October 1 of one year through September 30 of the following year). Results indicate that the CRB can be divided into six subregions with similar temporal variability in monthly R. The water balance analyses indicated that approximately 75% of total water‐year R is generated by just one CRB subregion and that most of the R in the basin is derived from surplus (S) water generated during the months of October through April. Furthermore, the analyses show that temporal variability in S is largely controlled by the occurrence of negative atmospheric pressure anomalies over the northwestern conterminous U.S. (CONUS) and positive atmospheric pressure anomalies over the southeastern CONUS. This combination of atmospheric pressure anomalies results in an anomalous flow of moist air from the North Pacific Ocean into the CRB, particularly the Upper CRB. Additionally, the occurrence of extreme dry and wet periods in the CRB appears to be related to variability of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.     

Rainfall Runoff Relationships for a Cloud Forest Watershed in Central America: Implications for Water Resource Engineering1

Caballero, Luis A., Alon Rimmer, Zachary M. Easton, and Tammo S. Steenhuis, 2012. Rainfall Runoff Relationships for a Cloud Forest Watershed in Central America: Implications for Water Resource Engineering. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 1022‐1031. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00668.x Abstract: Understanding the basic relationships between rainfall and runoff is vital for effective management and utilization of scarce water resources. Especially, this is important in Central America with widespread potable water shortage during the dry months of the monsoon. Potential good water sources are cloud forests, but little information concerning its potential is available to water supply engineers. Our objective is to define rainfall‐runoff‐base flow relationships for a cloud forest catchment. Flumes were installed for measuring river flow in four subwatersheds in La Tigra National Park, Honduras. One of the four watersheds was a 636‐ha subwatershed (WS1) with 60% cloud forest coverage. Precipitation averaged 1,130 mm/yr over the entire basin. About half of the total rainfall became runoff for the cloud forest watershed whereas, for the adjacent undisturbed forested watershed, the total discharge was <20% of the amount of precipitation. Infiltration rates were generally greater than rainfall rates. Therefore, most rainfall infiltrated into the soil, especially in the upper, steep, and well‐drained portions of the watershed. Direct runoff was generated from saturated areas near the river and exposed bedrock. This research provides compelling evidence that base flow is the primary contributor to streamflow during both wet and dry seasons in cloud forest catchments. Protecting these flow processes over time is critical for the sustained provision of potable water.     

7种指示性多氯联苯混合标准样品量值不确定度研究

分析并评估了异辛烷中7种指示性多氯联苯(PCBs)混合标准样品的量值不确定度。通过分析PCBs纯品中结构相似物、水分、无机物等杂质的含量,采用质量平衡法对PCBs纯品的纯度进行了定值。结果显示,7种指示性PCBs纯品的纯度为98.24%~99.92%,纯度不确定度为0.08%~1.28%。采用称量-容量法制备了各组分浓度均为50.0 μg/mL的异辛烷中7种指示性PCBs混合标准样品,全面分析了各组分的量值不确定度来源,主要包括样品配制、均匀性和长期稳定性等引入的不确定度。结果表明,该标准样品中,7种指示性PCBs组分的合成扩展不确定度为0.7~1.7 μg/mL。该标准样品量值准确且具有计量溯源性,可为我国PCBs相关国际履约监测和新污染物监测提供有效支撑。     

氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡的影响

以小叶章沼泽化草甸为对象,利用静态箱-气相色谱法,在三江平原进行野外原位试验,研究氮输入对沼泽湿地碳平衡及其各分量的影响.氮素输入后,沼泽湿地生态系统总初级生产力提高,生物量增大,分别比对照处理增加了10%和26.8%.同时,CH₄和生态系统呼吸CO₂排放量提高,而生态系统CO₂净交换(NEE)和净碳(CO₂和CH₄都转化成对应的碳)交换降低,CO₂、CH₄和NEE的季节变化动态未改变.2004年整个生长季氮输入处理的CO₂和CH₄排放量分别比对照处理升高了34%和145%,NEE和净碳交换分别降低了70%和81.6%,但整个生长季2个处理仍然表现为碳的净吸收.氮输入没有改变沼泽湿地碳“汇”的功能,只是减弱了其作为碳“汇”的功能.     

邻里效应对牧户载畜率决策的影响——北方牧区的经验证据

草畜平衡管理已经在中国实施近20年,但天然草原超载过牧问题尚未得到根本解决,仍然是制约北方草原生态恢复和畜牧业健康发展的关键因素。如何进一步降低牧户载畜率,实现草畜平衡是亟待解决的问题。该研究基于社会经济学视角,理论分析了牧户载畜率决策邻里效应的存在性及其对牧户载畜率的影响效应、作用机制及异质性,并利用2020年在内蒙古、甘肃两省牧区对820户牧户的微观调查数据,采用线性均值模型、中介效应模型和分组回归等方法进行了实证检验。结果表明:(1)牧户载畜率决策存在邻里效应,表现出近墨者黑特征,且这一效应在控制内生性后依旧存在;牧户会受邻里高载畜率、高超载过牧比例的消极驱动呈现出高载畜率和高超载过牧概率,从而陷入超载过牧的恶性循环。(2)机制分析表明,邻里效应通过提高牧户畜牧业预期收益和降低牧户的心理负担提升牧户载畜率。(3)调节作用分析表明,邻里效应会受到榜样群体的调节,村干部、党员、富人和能人等榜样群体的负向示范强化了载畜率决策的邻里效应,抑制牧户降低载畜率。(4)异质性分析表明,邻里效应在低载畜率、贫困牧户、汉族牧户和受教育程度高的牧户群体中作用更小;当政府外部生态监管严格和村域内部非正式制度健全时,邻里效应对牧户降低载畜率的抑制作用更小。根据以上结论,建议政府在微观草畜平衡管理中,通过打造高效畜牧业样板、树立生态典型、强化舆论压力、改善生态监管和注重政策瞄准等方式,破解载畜率决策邻里效应的负面影响,降低牧户载畜率。     

第一届亚太区安全健康海报、录像带创作比赛即将在港举行我国有关职业安全卫生单位积极报名参赛

第一届亚太区安全健成海报、录像带创作比赛即将在港举行我国有关职业安全卫生单位积极报名参赛第十三届亚太区职业安全健康组织大会及展览会将于１９９７年４月２１日至４月２６日在香港举行，这是香港职业安全健康局首次主办的大型国际性会议，预计将有二千多人参加，此...     

Determination of the carbon content of biomass—A prerequisite to estimate the complete biodegradation of polymers

This article presents a method to determine the carbon content of biomass, which is formed when degrading biodegradable polymers in an aerobic aqueous test system. Existing methods for determining the carbon content of biomass (e.g., fumigazation, protein assays, dry solids) have several disadvantages when applied for polymer degradation tests. In this work a protein assay based on the Lowry method was used. It was shown that the ratio between protein and carbon content is not constant but depends on the composition of the microbial population, the growth phase, and the substrate supply. This effect was used for the method presented in this article. For determining the carbon content of biomass the absorbance obtained by the Lowry test is correlated directly with the carbon content of biomass in dependence on the duration of the degradation test. The calibration curves are obtained by a mixed population of microorganisms during the course of a degradation test.