青岛近海冬季大气生物气溶胶中微生物活性研究

为了研究生物气溶胶中微生物活性水平和活性粒径分布特征,于2015年11月~2016年1月在青岛近海运用分级生物气溶胶采样器连续采集了生物气溶胶样品,并用荧光素二乙酸酯(fluorescein diacetate,FDA)水解法进行了活性测定.结果表明,采样期间青岛地区气溶胶中微生物活性水平(以荧光素钠计)范围为21.89~108.59 ng·m~(-3),平均值为59.43 ng·m~(-3).微生物活性的粒径分布呈现活性随粒径增大而增大,粗粒径(2.1μm)高于细粒径(2.1μm)的特征,在7.0μm粗粒子上所占比例最高,平均为24.06%.冬季微生物活性在一天当中变化较大,并未呈现出明显的昼间变化规律.相关性分析显示采样期间微生物活性与风速之间存在显著正相关关系(r=0.445,n=33,**P0.01),与温度、湿度和紫外线强度等气象因素以及AQI、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO、NO_2、O_3、SO_2等因子无显著相关性.气团来源对微生物活性具有明显影响.晴天微生物活性平均水平为100.33 ng·m~(-3),霾天微生物活性降低,平均水平降为56.53 ng·m~(-3),随着雾-霾天持续出现,活性迅速降低至晴天水平的37.7%,可见持续雾-霾天对微生物活性的影响更大.     

栅藻对金属离子的异质敏感性与其细胞周期的关系

研究同一种群中不同状态的藻细胞对毒物的应答对理解生物体敏感性以及毒物的致毒机理十分重要.应用流式细胞技术研究了栅藻对重金属元素(Cd²⁺和Ni²⁺)的敏感性.将同一种群的栅藻细胞按其体积大小(FSC参数)分为不同组分,在暴露于毒物后分析不同组分细胞的酯酶活性.结果显示随着细胞体积的增加,其对2种金属离子的抗性逐渐增强.在分析各组分细胞的DNA量时发现栅藻的细胞大小与其所处的细胞周期具有一定关系:随着体积的增大,栅藻细胞逐渐从G₁期进入G₂/M期,其中,G₂/M期的藻细胞对金属离子具有较强的抗性.进一步表明处于不同的细胞周期可能是决定同一种群中栅藻细胞对金属离子具有不同敏感性的重要原因.     

稻草覆盖对红壤旱地棉田土壤肥力和生物学性状的影响

通过对棉田进行不同量的稻草覆盖,研究了不同稻草覆盖量对土壤的化学性状和生物学性状的影响。结果表明：稻草覆盖不但能改善土壤的化学性状,增加土壤微生物,同时能增强土壤酶活性。棉花种植前和收获后相比,稻草覆盖能够明显增加土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾和速效钾的质量分数,并随着覆盖量的增加而升高,而速效氮、速效磷质量分数在棉花种植前和收获后相比呈下降趋势。少量覆盖最有利于土壤微生物的增加,中量覆盖放线菌和硝化细菌会有所减少,大量覆盖反而会让部分微生物减少。另外,稻草覆盖处理均有提高土壤中过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶及脲酶活性的作用,且过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶的活性随着稻草覆盖量的增加而增强。     

纳米TiO2的晶相控制及其光催化活性研究

采用sol gel法以钛酸丁酯为前驱物制备纳米TiO2 粉体 ,以TG DTA、XRD、TEM进行表征分析 ,研究了不同煅烧条件对纳米TiO2 粉体的晶相变化、微晶生长、粒径大小的影响 ,并用自制纳米TiO2 光催化降解四氟苯甲酸 ,研究了不同煅烧条件下纳米TiO2 的光催化活性。     

Effect of sediment size on bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediments of Izmir Inner Bay

The effect of sediment size on metals bioleaching from bay sediments was investigated by using fine (< 45 μm), medium (45-300 μm), and coarse (300-2000 μm) size fractions of a sediment sample contaminated with Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Chemical speciation of the metals in bulk and size fractions of sediment were studied before and after bioleaching. Microbial activity was provided with mixed cultures of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The bioleaching process was carried out in flask experiments for 48 days, by using 5% (W/V) of solid concentration in suspension. Bioleaching was found to be efficient for the removal of selected heavy metals from every size fraction of sediments, where the experiments with the smaller particles resulted in the highest solubilization ratios. At the end of the experimental period, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were solubilized to the ratios of 68%, 88%, 72%, and 91% from the fine sediment, respectively. Higher removal efficiencies can be explained by the larger surface area provided by the smaller particles. The changes in the chemical forms of metals were determined and most of the metal releases were observed from the reducible and organic fractions independent from grain size. Higher concentrations were monitored in the residual fraction after bioleaching period, suggesting they are trapped in this fraction, and cannot be solubilized under natural conditions.     

Photocatalytic remediation of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated soils using TiO2 and montmorillonite composite photocatalyst

TiO2 and montmorillonite composite photocatalysts were prepared and applied in degrading γ-hexachlorocyclohexane(γ-HCH)in soils.After being spiked with γ-HCH,soil samples loaded with the composite photocatalysts were exposed to UV-light irradiation.The results indicated that the photocatalytic activities of the composite photocatalysts varied with the content of TiO2 in the order of 10%＜70%＜50%＜30%.Moreover,the photocatalytic activity of the composite photocatalysts with TiO2 content 30% was higher than that of the pure P25 with the same mass of TiO2.The strong adsorption capacity of the composite photocatalysts and quantum size effect may contribute to its increased photocatalytic activities.In addition,effect of dosage of composite photocatalysts and soil pH on γ-HCH photodegradation was investigated. Pentachlorocyclohexene,trichlorocyclohexene,and dichlorobenzene were detected as photodegradation intermediates,which were gradually degraded with tlle phOtOdegradation evolution.     

用QSAR模型预测苯酚类化合物对发光菌的联合毒性

测定了苯酚与11种取代苯酚对发光菌的单一毒性和毒性单位比为1:4,1:1,4:1二元混合物的联合毒性.采用相加指数法对联合毒性进行了评价,结果表明,苯酚和取代苯酚的二元混合物对发光菌的联合作用以相加作用为主.在此基础上,根据12种苯酚类化合物的单一毒性建立了QSAR方程: -lgEC₅₀=6.158-0.279pKa,对混合物中取代苯酚的毒性进行了预测,预测值与实测值吻合较好.     

淮南小学校园不同活动场所灰尘重金属区域分异及生物可给性

利用PBET(Physiologically Based Extraction Test)体外胃肠模拟方法研究淮南市小学校园不同活动场所灰尘中8种典型重金属(Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V和Zn)在胃肠阶段的生物可给量,并计算其生物可给性,采用US EPA人体健康风险评价方法,评估研究区灰尘重金属经手-口暴露途径摄入对儿童产生的健康风险.结果表明;与淮南市土壤环境背景值相比,淮南市小学校园不同活动场所灰尘重金属总量普遍偏高,累积量较大的是Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu,富集程度较高.对比分析不同活动场所灰尘重金属含量发现,楼道灰尘重金属在3种活动场所中富集程度较高,其中Cd富集水平最高,主要因为楼道灰尘重金属不仅来源于楼道内部金属栏杆扶手生锈老化和防腐防锈油漆使用,同时受到室外污染源的影响.相关分析和主成分分析表明,灰尘重金属主要来自室外交通活动、工业活动、自然源以及室内污染源,Cd主要来自燃煤活动.PBET法提取重金属可给量在胃和小肠阶段差异较大,Cd、Pb、V和Zn在胃阶段生物可给量高于肠阶段.对比不同活动场所灰尘重金属生物可给量发现,在胃肠阶段均表现为楼道灰尘重金属可给量高于操场灰尘和校门口灰尘.健康风险评估表明,Zn在不同活动场所灰尘中重金属日平均暴露量最高,非致癌风险商(HQ)小于1,在安全阈值之内,对儿童不存在非致癌风险.Cd、Co、Cr和Ni的致癌风险商(CR)大小顺序为楼道灰尘操场灰尘校门口灰尘,在人体可承受范围内.楼道灰尘重金属的总非致癌风险指数(HI)最大,达0.118,因暴露时间较长,对儿童的潜在危害不容忽视.     

Long-term effects of silver nanoparticles on performance of phosphorus removal in a laboratory-scale vertical flow constructed wetland

Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) have been widely used in many fields,which raised concerns about potential threats to biological sewage treatment systems.In this study,the phosphorus removal performance,enzymatic activity and microbial population dynamics in constructed wetlands(CWs) were evaluated under a long-term exposure to Ag NPs(0,50,and 200 μg/L) for 450 days.Results have shown that Ag NPs inhibited the phosphorus removal efficiency in a short-term exposure,whereas caused no obviously negative effects from a long-term perspective.Moreover,in the coexisting CW system of Ag NPs and phosphorus,competition exhibited in the initial exposure phase,however,cooperation between them was observed in later phase.Enzymatic activity of acid-phosphatase at the moderate temperature(10–20°C) was visibly higher than that at the high temperature(20–30℃) and CWs with Ag NPs addition had no appreciable differences compared with the control.High-throughput sequencing results indicated that the microbial richness,diversity and composition of CWs were distinctly affected with the extension of exposure time at different Ag NPs levels.However,the phosphorus removal performance of CWs did not decline with the decrease of polyphosphate accumulating organisms(PAOs),which also confirmed that adsorption precipitation was the main way of phosphorus removal in CWs.The study suggested that Ag NPs and phosphorus could be removed synergistically in the coexistence system.This work has some reference for evaluating the influences of Ag NPs on the phosphorus removal and the interrelation between them in CWs.     

羧基化碳纳米管载铂催化剂对微生物燃料电池阴极氧还原性能的影响

阴极催化剂是影响微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)性能的关键要素.为了考察不同羧基化方法改性的碳纳米管(carbon nanotube,CNT)负载Pt的催化氧还原效率,分别在80℃和95℃条件下对CNT进行了羧基化,采用浸渍-沉淀法制备了Pt/CNT催化剂(Pt/CNT-80和Pt/CNT-95),并在空气阴极MFC体系中验证了其催化氧还原效果(MFC-80、MFC-95和MFC-C).结果表明,MFC-95和MFC-80的最大功率密度分别为568.8 mW.m-2和412.8 mW.m-2,内阻分别为204.7Ω和207.7Ω,开路电压分别为0.719 V和0.651 V.而对照MFC-C的最大功率密度仅为5.4 mW.m-2,内阻为826.2Ω.XPS和XRD分析结果显示,Pt/CNT-95催化氧还原效果优于Pt/CNT-80,原因可能是95℃羧基化过程在CNT表面引入了丰富的含氧基团.