居民活动空间与生态约束协调的城市开发边界划定方法——以长沙市为例

为了遏制长沙市城市的无序扩张,促进土地节约集约、高效利用,保障生态空间质量,划定长沙市城市开发边界成为重要举措。基于居民活动空间扩展,选取人口密度、居民活动分布、基础设施布局等多源时空数据,通过量化居民活动空间扩展概率,并利用植被覆盖度构建生态约束强度,确定二者协调规则,作为CA模型的约束条件,进行城市建设用地模拟,划定城市开发边界。结果表明：划定的长沙市城市开发边界,结果与长沙市“十三五”规划的城市空间发展框架基本一致,对未来建设用地扩展方向预测合理,而且避免了侵占重要生态资源,达到了兼顾城市空间发展和生态资源保护的多重目的。     

Herbicidal activity of slow-release herbicide formulations in wheat stands infested by weeds

The present study reports the herbicidal activity of metribuzin and tribenuron-methyl embedded in the degradable matrix of natural poly-3-hydroxybutyrate [P(3HB)/MET and P(3HB)/TBM]. The developed formulations were constructed as films and microgranules, which were tested against the weeds such as white sweet clover Melilotus albus and lamb's quarters Chenopodium album in the presence of soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. Altaiskaya 70) as the subject crop for investigation. The activity was measured in laboratory scale experiments by determining the density and weight of the vegetative organs of weeds. The study was also aimed at testing the effect of the experimental formulation on the growth of wheat crop as dependent on the method of herbicide delivery. The experimental MET and TBM formulations showed pronounced herbicidal activity against the weed species used in the study. The effectiveness of the experimental formulations in inhibiting weed growth was comparable to and, sometimes, higher than that of the commercial formulations (positive control). The amount of the biomass of the wheat treated with the experimental herbicide formulations was significantly greater than that of the wheat treated with commercial formulations.     

禾草灵对水稻生长和典型土壤酶活性的影响

禾草灵是一种广泛使用的除草剂,在土壤中大量残留,对非靶标生物产生危害。为探究除草剂对环境生物的毒性作用,本研究模拟水稻自然生长的环境,评估禾草灵对水稻及土壤微生物的影响。研究结果表明,低浓度禾草灵(200μg·L-1)处理4d对土壤微生物量没有显著影响(P0.05);8 d时,水稻生长没有明显变化,但土壤微生物量较对照组显著升高(P0.05)。高浓度禾草灵(1 000μg·L-1)处理4 d后,土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性显著下降(P0.05),下降幅度分别为8.9%,16.6%和10.2%;处理8 d后,水稻幼苗鲜重显著降低(P0.05),叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量分别下降了13.5%和13.3%。本研究证实高浓度的禾草灵残留会对植物和土壤微生物产生不良的影响。     

植物-微生物修复石油烃污染土壤与根际微生态环境变化

石油烃作为一类持久性难降解有机污染物对土壤环境质量产生严重的危害。以天津大港油田原油污染土壤中筛选出的耐低温高效石油烃降解菌为靶细胞,以小麦、紫花苜蓿作为供试植物,利用盆栽试验,对植物-外源菌协同修复体系中的脱氢酶活性和土壤微生物多样性进行研究,分析其变化及其与石油烃降解率的关系。结果表明植物-微生物协同修复对石油烃具有较好的降解能力,其中小麦-固定化外源菌组具有最高的降解率,石油烃含量从最初的30 600 mg獉kg-1下降为24 300 mg獉kg-1,降解率为20.6%,并且其试验后期石油烃的降解率最大,远远高于其他时期,表现出良好的修复潜力。外源菌投加的初始阶段会迅速提高脱氢酶活性,然而这种影响随着降解时间延长而逐渐减弱。初期脱氢酶活性与总石油烃的降解存在较好的相关性,脱氢酶活性可以在一定程度上表征土壤石油烃的降解情况。微生物多样性与总石油烃降解也存在一定的相关性。     

沙丘结皮层形成过程的土壤微生物和土壤酶活性

人工植被的固定沙丘结皮层土壤微生物数量多,土壤酶活性强,结皮层较厚,韧性也强,其次是半固定沙丘结皮层.流动沙丘表层较差.固定沙丘和半固定沙丘相同土层土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性强度虽然不同,但其消长以及土壤理化性质变化趋势基本相同.流动沙丘各土层则明显不同于前者。     

剩余活性污泥好气消化中TTC-DHA与其它活性参数的相关性

本文以剩余污泥为材料,对好气消化污泥中TTC-DHA 与其它活性参数之间以及后者彼此间的相关性问题进行了分析与探讨,结果表明,不但TTC-DHA与OUR、MPN、MLSS之间显著相关,其相关系数分别为0.952(=22)、0.889(n=19)、0.778(n=19),而且OUR、MPN、MLSS 间彼此也显著相关,对于MLSS而言,无论是相关性还是检测灵敏度,TTC-DHA均优于OUR.本文认为,TTC-DHA将是剩余污泥好气消化研究和运行控制中一种有效的活性参数,它还能被用于估计好气消化污泥中非降解性MLSS的浓度。     

生产性四级转盘生物膜活性的测定与分析

本文以处理生物制品废水的生产性四级转盘的生物膜为材料,在监测转盘对废水污染指标(BOD_5、COD_(cr)、挥发酚)降解性能的同时,测定了各级转盘生物膜的挥发性固体(VS)、活性微生物数目(AMN)以及TTC-脱氢酶活性(TTC-DHA)等活性参数,并分析讨论了VS、AMN、TTC-DHA与转盘级数的关系以及TTC-DHA与VS的相关性等问题。结果表明,TTC-DHA可能将会成为测定转盘生物膜活性的有效参数。     

低pH、铝及钙铝比对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的生理生化影响

为探讨酸沉降对生物早期伤害的机理,研究不同ＰＨ条件下,铝及钙／铝比对斜生栅藻与磷和氮营养代谢有关酶活性的影响,结果表明,铝对酸性磷酶和硝酸还原酶活性有显著抑制作用,当ＰＨ为６．８和５．２,铝２为０．７ｍｇ／Ｌ时,酸性磷酸酶活性仅分别为对照组的４６％和５６％,而硝酸还原酶活性仅为对照组的３７％和３０％当培养基中适当量的钙离子,会一定程度保护藻细胞中这２个酶活性不受低ＰＨ及铝的伤害,钙的缓解作用取决于     

掺铁TiO2对庚烷气相光催化活性的研究

以乙酰丙酮铁和钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,制备掺铁TiO2复合光催化剂,以光催化降解正庚烷为反应模型,测定掺铁对TiO2光催化剂的结构、光吸收和光催化活性的影响．XRD的表征结果显示,焙烧温度升高,锐钛矿型TiO2转化成金红石型,且在700℃下有铁板钛矿生成;UV-Vis的结果表明,TiO2掺铁后增强了在可见光区的吸收,并且随着含铁量的增大,红移增大,提高了对可见光的利用率．相同掺铁量(Fe／Ti=0．07)下,500℃焙烧的光催化剂对庚烷的光催化降解活性最高,300℃次之,700℃最差．相同焙烧温度下,掺铁量在0．007-0．07范围内,光催化活性随掺杂量的增大而下降．     

Contaminant Exposure of Barn Swallows Nesting on Bayou D'Inde, Calcasieu Estuary, Louisiana, USA

Current and historical point source discharges, storm water runoff, and accidental spills have contaminated the water, sediment, and biota within the Calcasieu Estuary in southwestern Louisiana. In 2003, barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) eggs and nestlings were collected beneath two bridges that cross Bayou d′Inde, the most contaminated waterway within the Calcasieu Estuary. Samples were also collected from a bridge over Bayou Teche, a reference site in south central Louisiana. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in barn swallow eggs and nestlings were significantly higher at the downstream site on Bayou d′Inde (2.8 μ g/g PCBs in eggs and 1.5 μ g/g PCBs in nestlings) than at the other two sites (< 0.2 μ g/g PCBs in eggs and nestlings at both sites). Ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activity in nestling livers was significantly higher at the downstream site on Bayou d′Inde (50 pmol/min/mg) compared to the other two locations (24 pmol/min/mg, each), probably because of exposure to PCBs. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran concentrations in eggs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in nestlings were at background concentrations at all sites. Trace element concentrations in barn swallow eggs and nestling livers were at background levels and did not differ among the three sites. A biomarker of DNA damage did not differ among sites.