Relation of hepatic EROD activity and CYP1A level in Sebastiscus marmoratus exposed to benzo[a]pyrene

This study was designed to investigate the in vivo effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and its correlation with cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) protein levels in Sebastiscus marmoratus, which were exposed through a water column to BaP (10, 100, 1000 ng/L, respectively) or were treated with intraperitoneal injections of BaP (0.5, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg, respectively) every 7 d. The results showed that after 25 d of waterborne exposure to 1000 ng/L BaP, fish hepatic CYP1A levels and EROD activity were significantly induced. In contrast, EROD activity was not altered 7 d after second ip injections, whereas, CYP1A protein levels were increased. Dose-dependent increase of biliary BaP metabolites demonstrated that the catalytic activity of CYP1A was induced by treatment with BaP. The lowest observable effect concentration with regard to biliary BaP metabolites (100 ng/L) was much lower than that with reference to EROD activity (1000 ng/L). The results suggest that biliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were shown to better reflect the contamination gradients of PAHs than EROD activity. It appeared to be necessary to measure CYP1A protein levels to complement the EROD activity in relevant toxicological assessments.     

Characteristics and ozone formation potential of volatile organic compounds in emissions from a typical Chinese coking plant

Coking industry is an important volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission source in China, however, detailed information on VOCs emissions is lacking. Therefore, we selected a typical mechanized coking plant and collected air samples according to the Emission Standard of Pollutants for Coking Chemical Industry (GB16171-2012). Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method, we analyzed the VOCs in the air samples, and applied maximum increment reactivity (MIR) rule to estimate ozone formation potential (OFP) of the VOCs emitted from the coke production. More than 90 VOCs species were detected from the coking plant, including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs. The concentrations of VOCs (ρ(VOCs)) generated at different stages of the coking process are significantly different. ρ(VOCs) from coke oven chimney had the highest concentration (87.1 mg/m³), followed by coke pushing (4.0 mg/m³), coal charging (3.3 mg/m³) and coke oven tops (1.1 mg/m³). VOCs species emitted from the coke production processes were dominated by alkanes and alkenes, but the composition proportions were different at the different stages. Alkenes were the most abundant emission species in flue gases of the coke oven chimney accounting for up to 66% of the total VOCs, while the VOCs emissions from coke pushing and coal charging were dominated by alkanes (36% and 42%, respectively), and the alkanes and alkenes emitted from coke oven top were similar (31% and 29%, respectively). Based on above results, reduction of VOCs emissions from coke oven chimney flue gases is suggested to be an effective measure, especially for alkenes.     

纳米富勒烯对土壤酶活性和微生物群落的影响

采用室内暗培养试验,研究了纳米富勒烯对土壤呼吸强度、酶活性及微生物结构群落多样性的影响.结果表明,添加纳米富勒烯抑制了土壤呼吸强度(p0.05),较对照处理CO_2累积量降低了1.2%～11.3%.纳米富勒烯显著抑制了土壤脲酶活性(p0.05),与对照相比,降低了19.1%～33.7%,土壤脱氢酶活性整体上表现为随纳米富勒烯添加量增加先增加后降低的趋势.与之相反,添加不同剂量纳米富勒烯整体上提高了土壤碱性磷酸酶活性,但差异不明显(p0.05).利用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid Fatty Acids, PLFAs)分析发现,添加纳米富勒烯(10～500 mg·kg~(-1))后土壤总PLFAs含量较对照降低了3.6%～27.3%,在低剂量(≤50 mg·kg~(-1))纳米富勒烯处理下革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、真菌、细菌含量均有所提升,而当纳米富勒烯剂量达到500 mg·kg~(-1)时,土壤微生物数量在不同程度上受到抑制.土壤微生物生态学指数(Shannon、Simpson和Pielou指数)、聚类分析(Cluster analysis)、主成分分析(Principal component analysis)均显示纳米富勒烯对土壤中微生物群落多样性产生了负面影响.     

A comparison of process performance during the anaerobic mono- and co-digestion of slaughterhouse waste through different operational modes

The use of consecutive feeding was applied to investigate the response of the microbial biomass to a second addition of substrates in terms of biodegradation using batch tests as a promising alternative to predict the behavior of the process. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of the slaughterhouse waste (SB) and its co-digestion with manure (M), various crops (VC), and municipal solid waste were evaluated. The results were then correlated to previous findings obtained by the authors for similar mixtures in batch and semi-continuous operation modes. AD of the SB failed showing total inhibition after a second feeding. Co-digestion of the SB + M showed a significant improvement for all of the response variables investigated after the second feeding, while co-digestion of the SB + VC resulted in a decline in all of these response variables. Similar patterns were previously detected, during both the batch and the semi-continuous modes.     

引黄调水对汾河受水区水环境的影响

引黄入晋工程缓解了太原市水短缺问题。然而,近年来上游黄河水出现较严重污染。引黄调水对汾河受水区的影响尚不明确。论文基于连续观测和采样,分析了受水区河水、地下水水文过程、理化性质、主要离子、典型污染物邻苯二甲酸二丁酯以及大肠杆菌的含量和变化。结果表明：受水河流和河岸带地下水受引黄影响十分明显,含盐量和有机物含量显著增加,水环境整体退化;引黄导致汾河雨季高水位而旱季低水位的水文过程反转,且整个水文年内河水以饱和输水的方式补给浅层含水层,水位埋深变浅;汛期河谷发生洪水的风险大大增加;引黄导致汾河水电导率增大两倍左右,且河水由Ca-HCO₃型变为Na-Cl·SO₄型,而溶解有机碳含量增高约26%,UV₂₅₄含量增大约24%;引水暂停期汾河水水化学特征趋于恢复,而河岸带地下水水化学特征未能恢复。长期来看,若引黄调水持续向河谷地下水输入大量Na⁺和Cl^-等,且地下水埋深持续保持在较浅的范围,可能造成土壤盐碱化、植被退化和生态环境恶化等更加严重的后果。     

西北干旱荒漠生态区脆弱性动态监测及驱动因子定量分析

全球气候变化和人类活动双重胁迫下,西北干旱荒漠生态区的脆弱生态系统发生了深刻变化。论文在充分考虑研究区生态环境背景特征（沙漠化、盐渍化、风力侵蚀、干旱等灾害严重）的基础上,引入极端气候灾害因子（指示气候变化）和大尺度景观格局指数（指示人类活动对生态景观的干扰）,构建了西北干旱荒漠生态区的生态脆弱性评价体系,并对研究区2000—2013年的生态脆弱性时空变化格局及其驱动机制进行了定量分析和讨论。研究结果表明：西北干旱荒漠生态区的生态脆弱性总体上处于中-重度脆弱状态;其生态脆弱性空间分布格局总体上呈现自东向西递减的趋势,西部局部地区则呈现“E”字型格局,该分布格局主要受西北内陆地区大气环流以及三山夹两盆的特殊地貌影响;2000—2013年,西北干旱荒漠生态区生态脆弱性呈现减小趋势,其生态脆弱性变化状况受气温、降水以及人类活动影响显著。研究成果可以为西北干旱荒漠生态区的生态保护和治理提供决策支持。     

水田中水稻、稗草和异型莎草甲烷排放的生物学特性

比较了生长于淹水田间的水稻、稗草和异型莎草甲烷排放的生物学特性。结果表明，三种植物的甲烷排放量次序为稗草＞水稻＞异型莎草，前两者的甲烷排放量分别为后者的１１倍和８．４倍。但这个次序刚好与这三种植物根系甲烷形成活性的次序相反。观察了三种植物甲烷排放的日周期变化。稗草和水稻根际土壤的产甲烷活性高于非根际土壤，而异型莎草的根际和非根际土壤的产甲烷活性之间无明显差异。还观察到稗草和水稻的叶鞘和茎杆连接节处的间隙是甲烷逸入大气的主要途径，而异型莎草则未见有可供甲烷排放的间隙与气孔。     

宁南霉素对烟草花叶病毒的生物活性

研究了宁南霉素 (Ningnanmycin)对烟草花叶病毒 (tobaccomosaicvirus,TMV)的预防、治疗和钝化作用 .结果表明 ,宁南霉素喷施 5d后接种TMV ,对烟草花叶病毒的预防效果为 5 8.4 1% ;宁南霉素浓度为 15 0～ 2 0 0 μg/mL时 ,对烟草花叶病毒的治疗效果达 79.6 5 %～ 84 .96 % ,治疗效果最好为接种TMV 1d后喷施 2 0 0 μg/mL宁南霉素 ;宁南霉素对烟草花叶病毒的钝化效果为 76 .99%～ 83.19% ,混合 4 5min的TMV与宁南霉素等体积混合液效果更好 .试验证明 ,宁南霉素对烟草花叶病有很好的治疗作用 ,对烟草花叶病毒有显著的钝化效果 .图 1表 3参 15     

微生物菌剂对不同废水的适配试验

采用15种不同的微生物菌剂,以葡萄糖配水、中药提取废水、啤酒废水、氨氮配水等为基质,分别测定了微生物菌剂的耗氧速率和厌氧比产甲烷速率,以单位菌剂对不同基质的耗氧速率和厌氧比产甲烷活性为指标,比较了各菌剂对废水的适配性.根据测定结果选择活性高的菌剂,在试验室进行了菌剂对废水的连续处理试验.结果表明,不同菌剂对同一种废水的好氧或厌氧活性不同,同种菌剂对不同废水的好氧和厌氧活性不同.废水的连续处理试验取得良好的处理效果.No.8菌剂处理葡萄糖配水,系统有机负荷最高可达(COD)10.8 g L-1d-1,COD去除率可达90%以上;采用No.10菌剂处理氨氮配水,好氧氨氮负荷可达(NH4-N )1.42 g L-1d-1,厌氧氨氮负荷可达(NH4-N )0.3 gL-1d-1,系统NH4-N 去除率可达90%以上.图2表3参8     

红花石蒜球茎凝集素的纯化及部分性质

石蒜科植物红花石蒜(Lycorisradiata)球茎经生理盐水浸取、硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose和SephacrylS-100分子筛层析得到石蒜凝集素(L. radiataagglutinin, LRA).经SDS-PAGE检测为单一蛋白带,亚基相对分子量Mr为12×103,SephacrylS-100凝胶过滤测定Mr约为45×103,表明LRA是由4个相同亚基组成的蛋白.LRA能凝集兔红细胞和大肠杆菌,最低凝集浓度分别为0. 95μg/mL和1. 9μg/mL;LRA还能凝集啤酒酵母细胞.糖抑制实验显示,甘露聚糖和甲状腺球蛋白能有效抑制LRA的凝血活性.促淋巴细胞有丝分裂试验结果表明,LRA对外周血淋巴细胞具有很强的促有丝分裂能力;同时,LRA能有效地降低II型人类单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-II)对Vero细胞(非洲绿猴肾细胞)的感染,ρ(IC50 ) =5~10μg/mL之间,并且在500μg/mL时对正常Vero细胞无细胞毒性. 图1表6参15