Insight into the distribution of metallic elements in membrane bioreactor: Influence of operational temperature and role of extracellular polymeric substances

The distribution of metallic elements in a submerged membrane bioreactor(MBR) was revealed at different temperatures using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES), and the role of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) was probed by integrating scanning electron microscopy(SEM) with confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM) over long-term operation. More metallic elements in the influent were captured by suspended sludge and built up in the fouling layer at lower temperature. The concentration of metallic elements in the effluent was 5.60 mg/L at 10°C operational temperature, far lower than that in the influent(51.35 mg/L). The total contents of metallic elements in suspended sludge and the membrane fouling layer increased to 40.20 and 52.19 mg/g at 10°C compared to 35.14 and 32.45 mg/g at 30°C, and were dominated by the organically bound fraction. The EPS contents in suspended sludge and membrane fouling layer sharply increased to 37.88 and 101.51 mg/g at 10°C, compared to 16.87 and 30.03 mg/g at 30°C. The increase in EPS content at lower temperature was responsible for the deposition of more metallic ions. The strong bridging between EPS and metallic elements at lower temperature enhanced the compactness of the fouling layer and further decreased membrane flux. This was helpful for understanding the mechanism of membrane fouling at different operational temperatures and the role of EPS, and also of significance for the design of cleaning strategies for fouled membranes after long-term operation.     

菌株J1对铜绿微囊藻光合作用的影响及其溶藻活性成分的研究

利用浮游植物荧光仪研究了芽胞杆菌属菌株J1胞外溶藻活性物质对铜绿微囊藻叶绿素荧光活性的影响,并采用α-萘酚反应、考马斯亮蓝法和定磷法对无菌滤液中溶藻活性物质进行了初步判定,结合蛋白酶处理、透析、活性炭吸附与解吸的方法对其相关特性进行了研究. 结果表明:试验第9天,加入无菌滤液的处理组,反映铜绿微囊藻叶绿素荧光活性的参数显著下降,其最大电子相对传递速率,光能转化效率,PSⅡ潜在活性和PSⅡ实际光合效率分别是对照的0.22%,0.33%,4.37%和5.56%;J1的溶藻活性物质可能为糖类物质,但不是蛋白质和核酸类物质,其分子质量小于8 ku,可被活性炭吸附.      

硫和石英砂比对自养填充床反应器去除高浓度高氯酸盐的影响

运行不同硫和石英砂体积比的3个自养填充床反应器R1(2∶1)、R2(1∶1)、R3(1∶2)去除模拟高浓度高氯酸盐(ClO_4~-)污染水,在不同进水ClO_4~-浓度和水力停留时间(HRT)下研究反应器的ClO_4~-去除效果、动力学及生物膜生长规律.结果表明,ClO_4~-去除率随着ClO_4~-浓度的提高和HRT的减小而下降,且R1R2R3;当HRT为3.2 h,进水ClO_4~-浓度为300mg·L-1时,R1达到最大去除负荷2.18 kg·(m3·d)-1;3个反应器ClO_4~-去除均符合半级动力学,反应速率常数1/2K1/2v分别为8.036、6.596、4.212 mg1/2·(L1/2·h)-1;硫歧化反应使出水SO_4~(2-)浓度高于理论值,硫歧化反应随着ClO_4~-浓度的提升和HRT的下降受到抑制,R3出水SO_4~(2-)浓度最低,歧化反应最弱;出水p H和碱度随着进水ClO_4~-浓度和HRT的增大而减小,且R3一直较高;R2、R3挂膜效果好于R1,胞外聚合物(EPS)的分泌可以促进生物膜生长,且分泌量随着HRT的减小而减少.     

DO/NH4+-N实现短程硝化过程中生物膜特性

实验探究了短程硝化实现过程中生物膜特性的变化情况.采用比值控制(DO/NH+4-N)实现短程硝化,分别取亚硝酸盐积累率为10.27%、52.12%和93.54%时生物膜样品,利用荧光原位杂交(FISH)和激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)联用技术观察总菌、氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)数量和空间结构的变化,通过三维激发发射矩阵(EEM)观察胞外聚合物分泌和成分变化情况.比值控制成功富集AOB,并可在NOB未洗脱完全的情况下实现短程硝化.异养菌和硝化菌共存于生物膜内上,异养细菌在外层,硝化菌分布在生物膜表面6~25μm.短程硝化实现的过程中,AOB/NOB值逐步增长,稳定运行时期比值高达15.56.反应器运行过程中,EPS和微生物菌群变化息息相关.微生物活性下降,EPS分泌减少;短程硝化稳定运行时期,NOB等不耐高亚硝酸的菌群衰亡,芳香性蛋白质荧光强度降低.但三维荧光光谱显示,短程硝化实现过程中EPS化学成分变化不明显.     

海洋微生物胞外分泌物(EPS)对船用结构钢腐蚀行为的影响

目的研究微生物活性与船用钢DH32腐蚀行为之间的关系,并通过胞外分泌物的提取,研究分泌物浓度对材料腐蚀性能的影响。方法通过傅里叶红外光谱(FT–IR)分析胞外分泌物的组成,通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)分析金属离子的含量,并使用用原子力显微镜(AFM)观测去除腐蚀产物后的表面形貌。结果通过电化学阻抗谱的拟合分析,短期内,EPS通过阻碍溶解氧的扩散抑制腐蚀速度,EPS浓度越高,效果越好,即实验初期试样腐蚀的速度与EPS浓度成反比。随着时间的延长,EPS浓度低的溶液中,其EPS络合金属离子的能力很快达到饱和,所以尽管其络合行为能促进试样的阳极溶解,但影响作用有限,此时起到主要影响的还是EPS抑制溶解氧扩散。对于浓度高的EPS溶液,其过量的EPS会促进EPS的官能团与材料表面更多的Fe~(2+)/Fe~(3+)离子键合,使得沉积的EPS保护层变得疏松失去隔离溶解氧的作用,进而加速试样腐蚀。结论海洋微生物胞外分泌物对船用钢腐蚀行为的影响与胞外分泌物的结构与浓度有关,随着浓度升高,EPS从抑制腐蚀变为加速腐蚀。     

生活垃圾堆肥过程中腐殖质及有机态氮组分的变化

利用实际城市生活垃圾,采用工厂化工艺进行堆肥试验,探讨在堆肥过程中腐殖质及有机态氮组分的动态变化.结果表明,随着堆肥的进行,有机碳、富里酸、全氮、酸水解性有机氮含量均有不同程度的降低,与堆肥前相比,降低幅度分别为53.00%、64.73%、21.78%、22.80%.而腐殖质、胡敏酸、氨基酸态氮则分别在堆肥的第35d达到最低点,而后呈逐渐增加的趋势.酰胺态氮、氨基糖态氮在堆肥的第21d达到最高峰.堆肥过程中,腐殖质与胡敏酸、酸水解有机态氮与全氮含量显著相关.胡敏酸的红外光谱分析结果表明,堆肥后胡敏酸分子的芳构化程度明显增强.     

城市企业环境风险源分级方法与应用研究

近年来,城市高风险工业行业引发的环境安全问题受到广泛关注。开展城市环境风险源分级是完善城市环境应急管理体系、保障城市环境安全的重要内容。从环境风险系统理论出发,综合考虑风险源固有属性、风险释放与控制水平、环境保护目标,构建了基于环境风险物质数量、生产工艺过程与风险控制技术水平、环境风险受体敏感性的分级评估指标体系,建立了环境风险源分级矩阵表征方法。将城市环境风险源划分为重大风险、一般风险和低风险3个等级。选择上海市开展了案例应用研究,对上海市17个区县的882家重点企业进行了环境风险源识别和分级,共确定重大风险企业151家,占总数的17.1%;一般风险企业161家,占总数的18.3%。对金山区、宝山区、闵行区几个重点区域提出了风险防控对策。     

大连海域入海污染源中PFASs的赋存、输入通量和季节特征

本文对大连海域入海河流和入海排污口中19种PFASs和2种PFOS新型替代品Cl-PFESAs进行了分析,估算其入海通量,并分析了季节变化特征.结果表明,研究区域入海河流中总PFASs的含量范围为9. 85～757 ng·L~(-1)(浓度中位数为74. 7 ng·L~(-1)),与国内外其他河流相比,大连海域入海河流中总PFASs的含量处于中等或较低水平;入海排污口中总PFASs的含量范围为9. 19～801 ng·L~(-1)(浓度中位数为29. 5 ng·L~(-1)).入海河流和入海排污口中PFASs的主要贡献要素为PFOS和PFOA,其中入海河流、市政污水和污水处理厂出水中总PFASs含量未发现明显的季节差异特征,但工业废水中冬季含量显著高于夏季.计算结果显示,大连海域总PFASs入海通量约123 g·d~(-1)(44. 7 kg·a~(-1)),入海河流和入海排污口的贡献相当.全氟/多氟醚类磺酸化合物(Cl-PFESAs)检出率较低,其中8∶2Cl-PFESA均为检出.     

Optimisation of chemical purification conditions for direct application of solid metal salt coagulants: Treatment of peatland-derived diffuse runoff

The drainage of peatland areas for peat extraction,agriculture or bioenergy requires affordable,simple and reliable treatment methods that can purify waters rich in particulates and dissolved organic carbon.This work focused on the optimisation of chemical purification process for the direct dosage of solid metal salt coagulants.It investigated process requirements of solid coagulants and the influence of water quality,temperature and process parameters on their performance.This is the first attempt to provide information on specific process requirements of solid coagulants.Three solid inorganic coagulants were evaluated:aluminium sulphate,ferric sulphate and ferric aluminium sulphate.Pre-dissolved aluminium and ferric sulphate were also tested with the objective of identifying the effects of in-line coagulant dissolution on purification performance.It was determined that the pre-dissolution of the coagulants had a significant effect on coagulant performance and process requirements.Highest purification levels achieved by solid coagulants,even at 30% higher dosages,were generally lower(5%-30%) than those achieved by pre-dissolved coagulants.Furthermore,the mixing requirements of coagulants pre-dissolved prior to addition differed substantially from those of solid coagulants.The pH of the water samples being purified had a major influence on coagulant dosage and purification efficiency.Ferric sulphate(70 mg/L) was found to be the best performing solid coagulant achieving the following load removals:suspended solids(59%-88%),total organic carbon(56%-62%),total phosphorus(87%-90%),phosphate phosphorus(85%-92%) and total nitrogen(33%-44%).The results show that the use of solid coagulants is a viable option for the treatment of peatland-derived runoff water if solid coagulant-specific process requirements,such as mixing and settling time,are considered.     

MBBR-MBR组合工艺处理生活污水效能及膜污染研究

构建了移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)-膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺处理生活污水,考察了其对污染物的去除效果和膜污染情况。结果表明,MBBR-MBR对$NH_{4}^{+}$-N和COD的去除率均能达到97%以上。MBR中跨膜压随运行时间延长呈先慢速增加后快速增加的特点,活性污泥微生物胞外聚合物(EPS)和微生物代谢产物(SMP)是膜污染的重要物质,普通的化学清洗并不能使MBR膜组件恢复到新膜的水平,膜污染呈不可逆性。EPS的表观分子量分布较广泛,而SMP的表观分子量呈单峰特征,主要以小分子量物质为主。