自反应性化学物质热危险性综合评估

自反应性化学物质热危险性评估的关键在于表征参数的选择和量化,单一的评估参数往往仅表征其热危险性的某一方面。综合考虑自反应性物质发生热分解反应的难易程度及其造成后果的严重程度两个方面,分别选取放热反应初始温度(To)和反应热(-ΔH)作为相应的表征参数,通过半正态分布函数对这两个指标进行标准化处理。在此基础上根据风险的定义提出了一种新的自反应性化学物质的热危险性综合评估指数(THI指数),并建立相应的热危险性分级标准,对自反应性化学物质的热危险性进行综合评估与分级。结果表明,建立的THI指数所确定的热危险性分级结果与基于活化能和最大绝热温度的RHI指数的反应危险性等级基本一致,该指数能够对自反应性化学物质的热危险性进行定量评估。     

蓝藻胞外聚合物对供水管网水质的影响

针对游离态蓝藻胞外聚合物（EPS）在常规水处理工艺中不易去除、残留蓝藻EPS极易进入供水管网的特性,研究了蓝藻EPS对供水管网水质变化及生物稳定性的影响.针对管道使用时限分析了不同管道内部产生附膜条件下,蓝藻EPS对供水管网中余氯、浑浊度、生物稳定性、有机组分等主要水质指标变化规律的影响.结果表明,蓝藻EPS加快了管网余氯衰减速度,导致管网水质浑浊度在12~24h后即超出生活饮用水卫生标准上限,并使管网水质生物稳定性降低,BDOC在72h内增加37.2~39.5%,AOC增加365~393%,总活菌数升高18~20倍.阐明了蓝藻水华爆发时期净水厂出厂水残留蓝藻EPS在管网余氯存在前提下,仍然能够作为微生物营养基质和代谢能量,而促进管道内细菌生长繁殖,增加微生物代谢活性,刺激微生物胞外有机组分分泌释放,导致管网水质二次污染.     

典型氟工业园周边河流沉积物中全(多)氟化合物的分布特征

采用超高效液相色谱/质谱联用(UPLC/MS-MS)分析了我国重要的氟化物工业园区周边河流——辽宁细河(阜新段)、山东小清河(淄博段)和长江(江苏常熟段)表层沉积物中全(多)氟烷基化合物(PFASs)的污染状况.细河表层沉积物中,PFASs含量范围(以干重计,下同)为15.8～2 770 ng·g~(-1),全氟丁烷磺酸(PFBS)和六氟环氧丙烷二聚酸(HFPO-DA)是主要污染物;小清河表层沉积物中,PFASs含量为12.2～7 853 ng·g~(-1),全氟烷基辛酸(PFOA)和HFPO-DA为主要污染物;长江表层沉积物中,PFASs含量为9.20～35.9 ng·g~(-1),全氟十四酸(PFTeDA)和6∶2氟调磺酸(6∶2FTS)为主要污染物.工业园区废水排放(点源污染)是本研究中3个区域PFASs的主要来源. 3个区域PFASs含量及组成差异明显,与工业园区生产规模和产业类型有关.PFASs含量及各组分含量与TOC、沉积物粒径没有显著相关性,PFASs各组分间相关性也有差异,说明PFASs在沉积物中的富集过程与多种因素有关.     

处理番茄酱加工废水的活性污泥颗粒化过程

为解决新疆番茄酱加工废水排放量大、处理效果参差不齐的情况,在SBR（序批式反应器）中接种絮体污泥,以人工合成番茄酱加工废水为基质成功培养出粒径为0.50~1.61 mm的好氧颗粒污泥,并采用扫描电镜、三维荧光光谱（3D EEM）、激光共聚焦（CLSM）、死活细菌染色以及高通量测序等技术表征活性污泥的颗粒化过程.结果表明,颗粒污泥沉降性能良好,COD_Cr、NH₄+-N、PO₄3--P的平均去除率分别为90%、85%、45%.扫描电镜下,椭球状的颗粒污泥轮廓清晰,结构密实.蛋白质在颗粒化过程中逐渐增加,α-多糖、β-多糖和蛋白质贯穿整个颗粒截面,在颗粒中分布广泛,构成了颗粒的骨架.颗粒内部的孔隙为溶解氧和营养物质传递提供了条件,因此活细菌则更多地靠近颗粒边缘及内部的孔隙周围,并包裹着死细菌.颗粒化过程中,微生物的丰富度和均匀性逐渐上升,物种多样性也不断变化,Chao1指数先由515.26降至444.30后又增至526.72,Shannon-Wiener指数由2.81增至5.45.优势降解菌拟杆菌和变形菌相对丰度不断发生变化,拟杆菌由8.85%增至45.95%,而变形菌由78.17%逐渐减至36.66%.研究显示,不同的细菌种群之间的相互作用对有机物的降解以及反应体系的稳定起到重要的作用.      

天山北坡经济带城市PM2.5质量浓度时空分布及模拟分析

PM_2.5扩散/积聚有着复杂的物理、化学过程,其时空变化与前体污染物及气象条件密切相关.为探究区域城市ρ（PM_2.5）的变化规律,以天山北坡经济带城市为研究区,采用2015年1月-2017年10月大气污染物监测数据和气象数据,结合数理统计和GIS空间分析技术,分析研究区ρ（PM_2.5）的时空变化特征;借助普通OLS（最小二乘法）分析影响因子的多重相关性,通过PLS（偏最小二乘）法构建ρ（PM_2.5）估算模型.结果表明:①研究区各城市小时ρ（PM_2.5）呈"W"型双峰变化;各月份ρ（PM_2.5）呈"U"型特征,月均值为59.5 μg/m3,2月和9月分别为ρ（PM_2.5）最高月和最低月;各季节ρ（PM_2.5）排序为冬季（146.6 μg/m3）＞秋季（35.2 μg/m3）＞春季（34.1 μg/m3）＞夏季（26.8 μg/m3）;空间上ρ（PM_2.5）由西北部克拉玛依市向东南部乌鲁木齐市逐渐增大.②PLS法构建模型能有效克服自变量多重相关性的问题,模型可解释自变量95.7%和因变量80.1%的变异信息,年均模拟值与实测值偏差为9.82%.③研究区各城市ρ（PM_2.5）与ρ（CO）的相关性极显著,与气象因子中的风速和气温的相关性较显著,而与相对湿度的相关性不显著.研究显示,基于前体污染物和气象因子的PLS法构建模型是模拟ρ（PM_2.5）的有效方法.      

Variation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Ithomiinae: A comparative study between species feeding on Apocynaceae and Solanaceae

Summary The primitive, Apocynaceae-feeding Ithomiine,Tithorea harmonia, incorporates dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from its larval foodplant (Prestonia acutifolia), rarely visiting PA sources pharmacophagously in the adult; females show higher concentrations of PAs than males, with similar variance. The close relativeAeria olena (feeding onP. coalita, without PAs) shows similar PA concentrations in both sexes and greater variation in males, like more advanced Solanaceae-feeding Ithomiine such asMechanitis polymnia, which likeA. olena obtain PAs by pharmacophagy in the adult (mainly males). This difference is due to the dynamics of PA incorporation in these species. Little variation in PA content was found among allopatric populations of the same species, but variation in available PA sources in different months was correlated with different average storage levels in the butterflies.     

Sequestration of plant secondary compounds by butterflies and moths

Summary A number of aposematic butterfly and moth species sequester toxic substances from their host plants. Some of these insects can detect the toxic compounds during food assessment. Some pipevine swallowtails use aristolochic acids among the host finding cues during oviposition and larval feeding and accumulate the toxins in the body tissues throughout all life stages. Likewise, a danaine butterfly,Idea leuconoe, which sequesters high concentrations of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the body, lays eggs in response to the specific alkaloid components contained in the apocynad host. Insect species sharing the same poisonous host plants may differ in the degree of sequestration of toxins. Two closely ralated aposematic geometrid moth species,Arichanna gaschkevitchii andA. melanaria, sequester a series of highly toxic diterpenoids (grayanotoxins) in different degrees, while a cryptic geometrid species,Biston robstus, does not sequester the toxins, illustrating the diversity in adaptation mechanisms even within the same subfamily. By contrast, a number of lepidopteran species store the same compounds though feeding upon taxonomically diverse plant species. A bitter cyanoglycoside, sarmentosin, was characterised from several moth species in the Geometridae, Zygaenidae and Yponomeutidae, and from the apollo butterflies,Parnassius spp. (Papilionidae), although each species feeds on different groups of plants.Interspecific similarities and differences in life history and ecology are discussed in relation to variable characteristics of sequestration of plant compounds among these lepidopteran insects.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Indicators for Chemicals: Sources,impacts and policy performance (5 pp)

Background Different types of indicators have been developed to describe the impact of chemicals on society and environment. Due to the high number of substances and their different types of use, most of these indicators are directed to specific areas of interest – regarding workplace safety, environmental health or consumer health. They address a specific subset of chemicals and can be used for monitoring enterprise-specific, national or international management measures. Main Features A survey of existing indicators for chemicals has shown that indicators already exist for a remarkable number of problem fields. As soon as the release and the environmental fate of chemicals are taken into account, the complexity of the approaches increases considerably. The distinction between indicators for drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses, as proposed by the European Environmental Agency, supports the identification of proper indicators for a specific type of problem. Discussion and Conclusions. No single indicator exists which is able to cover the whole range of chemicals and their applications. Several indicator approaches cover at least a subset of the most relevant substances. If they are intended to be used for European monitoring, robust data must be provided by EU Member States. Chemicals in enterprises (ancillary inputs as well as process chemicals) are an important element of in-plant material flow management – in terms of occupational safety and health as well as environmental protection. Existing indicators for hazardous chemicals can be a valuable tool for process and product refinement regarding hazardous chemicals, especially for enterprises. Outlook Indicators for production and impact of chemicals, as well as policy performance indicators, are essential elements in order to monitor the management of chemicals. They have to be established for the national and for the EU level.     

还原性物质对化学需氧量（COD）测定的影响及消除方法

文中论述了还原性物质Cl^-、NO2^-、Fe^2＋、S^2-、NH3、NH^4＋等离子对化学需氧量测定的影响，着重探讨了消除上述离子的方法及原理，从而得出消除氯离子干扰可用银柱法的结论，特别是高氯离子浓度（〉20000mg／D的水样，其效果更佳。NO2^-的干扰可通过加入氨基磺酸来消除。Fe^2＋，S^2-干扰可通过在水样中通入空气，使之氧化除去来加以消除。NH3或NH^4＋干扰的消除，可通过除去水中的氯离子或用低浓度的K2C2O7溶液测定来加以消除。