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321.
Preparedness of emergency evacuation for the leakage of toxic substances in chemical plants is very important in order to reduce damage. In order to implement an emergency evacuation properly, it is necessary to comprehensively and concretely determine the conditions of the leakage and atmospheric conditions and predict the consequences of the dispersed gases. Repeated training for emergencies is also essential. In order to realize effective evacuation, a prediction model of the evacuation area that anyone can use to obtain the same results both accurately and promptly is developed in the present study. The prediction model is designed such that the wind speed and atmospheric conditions are automatically set, and the leakage rate is the only input parameter, so that anyone can use the model easily. In addition, the model can also predict the atmospheric parameters for up to 3 h and can calculate the evacuation distance so that smooth evacuation can be achieved for changing atmospheric conditions. Finally, the evacuation area is defined by statistically analysed wind fluctuations, and a series of emergency evacuation measures is implemented. 相似文献
322.
Laura Annika Sormunen Tommi Kaartinen Riina Rantsi 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2018,11(4):261-271
In many European countries, the environmental properties of waste-derived aggregates are mostly assessed based on laboratory leaching tests such as the standardised percolation tests CEN/TS/14405, ISO/TS 21268-3, or DIN 19528. These tests are conducted under specified conditions, which are similar yet somewhat different from realistic field conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the leaching properties of ADR (Advanced Dry Recovery) recovered MSWI BA in the field in order to understand more about its environmental impacts in actual civil engineering structures. Two field scale studies (a lysimeter and a larger interim storage field study) were constructed and the leachate quality was investigated. These results were then complemented with the results of previously conducted laboratory leaching tests using a liquid to solid ratio (L kg?1) comparison. The results demonstrated that the leaching behaviours of many potentially harmful substances, such as chloride, copper and antimony, was similar despite the study scale. In addition, this study illustrated the importance of investigating the leaching properties of waste-derived aggregates on a larger scale, even though the uncertainties in such studies may not be easily controlled. 相似文献
323.
好氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物的产生及其分布 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
考察了不同操作条件和基质条件对好氧颗粒污泥中胞外聚合物(EPS)产生的影响及其在污泥和体系上清液中的分布.结果表明:随体系操作条件和基质条件的变化,好氧颗粒污泥内部和上清液中的EPS含量呈规律性变化.相对而言,好氧颗粒污泥中EPS含量的变化幅度较小,过多的EPS则释放到上清液中.大量EPS的释放只发生在颗粒污泥解体时,而酸性条件和不适当的C/N比不利于好氧颗粒污泥的形成及形态保持.体系溶解氧为4.5 mg·l-1,pH为中性,污泥负荷小于等于0.37kgCOD·kg-1MLSS·d-1,碳氮比为20∶ 1时,好氧颗粒污泥中EPS的含量约占污泥总质量的9%-12%,与厌氧颗粒污泥(0.6%-20%)相近,但远低于絮状活性污泥(80%),此时,EPS在上清液中的含量最低或接近最低,为14-26 mg·l-1. 相似文献
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开展了连续通风和翻堆两种典型的通风方式进行污泥好氧堆肥,通过分析堆肥腐殖质中富里酸(FA)和胡敏酸(HA)的光谱特征以及本底/化学还原容量(NRC/CRC)的时态变化,研究其对污泥好氧堆肥过程中富里酸(FA)和胡敏酸(HA)的形成和电子转移能力(ETCs)的影响.结果表明:与翻堆处理相比,连续通风处理促进了堆肥FA和HA中类蛋白质组分的减少和类腐殖质组分的增加,强化了高温期和腐熟期FA的电子转移能力(CRC分别增加了176.55和123.24μmol e-/gC),但降低了HA和升温期FA的电子转移能力(CRC分别降低了246.47和116.13μmol e-/gC).相关性分析表明,影响污泥堆肥腐殖质电子转移能力的主要因素为pH值、SUVA254、SUVA290和类蛋白质组分,翻堆处理促进了类腐殖质组分对腐殖质电子转移能力的影响. 相似文献
328.
Surfactive stabilization of multi-walled carbon nanotube dispersions with dissolved humic substances
Mark A. Chappell Aaron J. George Beth E. Porter Pingheng Zhou Alan J. Kennedy 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(4):1081-1087
Soil humic substances (HS) stabilize carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersions, a mechanism we hypothesized arose from the surfactive nature of HS. Experiments dispersing multi-walled CNT in solutions of dissolved Aldrich humic acid (HA) or water-extractable Catlin soil HS demonstrated enhanced stability at 150 and 300 mg L−1 added Aldrich HA and Catlin HS, respectively, corresponding with decreased CNT mean particle diameter (MPD) and polydispersivity (PD) of 250 nm and 0.3 for Aldrich HA and 450 nm and 0.35 for Catlin HS. Analogous trends in MPD and PD were observed with addition of the surfactants Brij 35, Triton X-405, and SDS, corresponding to surfactant sorption maximum. NEXAFS characterization showed that Aldrich HA contained highly surfactive domains while Catlin soil possessed a mostly carbohydrate-based structure. This work demonstrates that the chemical structure of humic materials in natural waters is directly linked to their surfactive ability to disperse CNT released into the environment. 相似文献
329.
Effect of humic matter on metal adsorption onto clay materials: Testing the linear additive model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Migration of contaminants with low affinity for the aqueous phase is essentially governed by interaction with mobile carriers such as humic colloids. Their impact is, however, not sufficiently described by interaction constants alone since the humic carriers themselves are subject to a solid–liquid distribution that depends on geochemical parameters.In our study, co-adsorption of the REE terbium (as an analogue of trivalent actinides) and humic acid onto three clay materials (illite, montmorillonite, Opalinus clay) was investigated as a function of pH. 160Tb(III) and 131I-labelled humic acid were employed as radiotracers, allowing experiments at very low concentrations to mimic probable conditions in the far-field of a nuclear waste repository. Humate complexation of Tb was examined by anion and cation exchange techniques, also considering competitive effects of metals leached from the clay materials.The results revealed that desorption of metals from clay barriers, occurring in consequence of acidification processes, is generally counteracted in the presence of humic matter. For all clay materials under study, adsorption of Tb was found to be enhanced in neutral and acidic systems with humic acid, which is explained by additional adsorption of humic-bound Tb.A commonly used composite approach (linear additive model) was tested for suitability in reconstructing the solid–liquid distribution of Tb in ternary systems (Tb/humic acid/clay) on the basis of data determined for binary subsystems. The model can qualitatively explain the influence of humic acid as a function of pH, but it failed to reproduce our experimental data quantitatively. It appears that the elementary processes (metal adsorption, metal–humate complexation, humic acid adsorption) cannot be considered to be independent of each other. Possible reasons are discussed. 相似文献
330.
The influence of humic aggregates in water solution upon the chemical stability of carbofuran (CF) and the carbofuran-derivatives, 3-hydroxy-carbofuran (HCF) and 3-keto-carbofuran (KCF), has been investigated in basic media. An inhibition upon the basic hydrolysis of 3-hydroxy-carbofuran and 3-keto-carbofuran (∼1.7 and ∼1.5-fold, respectively) was observed and it was rationalized in terms of the micellar pseudophase model. Nevertheless, non-significant effect upon the carbofuran stability was found in the presence of humic substances. These behaviors have been compared with the corresponding ones in other synthetic colloidal aggregates. 相似文献