膜生物反应器中排泥方式对污泥胞外聚合物的影响

研究了膜生物反应器(MBR)中间歇排泥以及连续排泥条件下污泥停留时间(SRT)与污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)变化的关系。试验结果表明:在间歇排泥方式下的污泥EPS都明显高于连续排泥方式下的。随着SRT的增加,附着型EPS浓度先是稍有减少,之后快速增加,溶解性EPS则增加。     

酵母菌降解胞外聚合物提升剩余活性污泥的脱水性能

剩余污泥的脱水性能直接影响到污泥处置的效果和成本,提升污泥脱水性是污泥减量化的重要途径.本研究提出利用复合酵母菌群降解剩余污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)来提升污泥脱水性能的方法.首先评价了复合酵母菌群对灭菌后EPS中各组分的降解效果;继而将混合酵母细胞接入剩余污泥中进行曝气,考察了酵母菌对污泥脱水性的提升效能.研究结果表明,酵母菌对提取的EPS中蛋白质、多糖和核酸的降解效果明显,振荡培养72 h内最多分别降低了(60. 43±2. 73)%、(18. 94±2. 39)%和(48. 30±3. 37)%.向2 L剩余污泥中接入1. 5 g混合酵母菌湿菌体进行曝气,24 h后污泥的毛细吸水时间(CST)下降了(17. 19±1. 16)%,比对照组多下降了(7. 03±1. 35)%;与此同时污泥中EPS总量比对照污泥多下降了(17. 46±3. 91)%,表明酵母菌可以通过原位降解污泥中EPS来提高污泥的脱水性能.     

无机结垢对纳滤膜分离水中全氟化合物的影响

选取全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟丁烷磺酸(PFBS)两种链长不同的典型全氟化合物(PFASs)作为目标去除物,以硫酸钙为典型无机结垢,研究硫酸钙结垢不同阶段中纳滤膜去除PFASs的特征和相关机理,简称硫酸钙试验,同时以相同离子强度的非结垢无机盐溶液开展对比试验考察目标PFASs的截留规律.结果表明,当硫酸钙和目标PFASs共存时,PFOS稳定截留率为硫酸钙试验(97.1%)>对比试验(93.0%),而PFBS稳定截留率为对比试验(46.2%)>硫酸钙试验(38.2%).对于同一PFAS,同一过滤时刻,膜面带电量:硫酸钙试验<对比试验;联合截留率、膜通量和Zeta电位综合分析可知,硫酸钙结垢过程中,PFOS的截留主要由Ca²⁺与PFOS的络合及架桥作用控制,该作用影响PFOS分离过程中的空间位阻作用强度;PFBS过滤初期的截留中静电排斥起主要作用,结垢层生成后,滤饼层强化的浓差极化作用成为PFBS截留效果下降的主要原因.     

中药复合饲料对锦鲤诱食效果与生长影响的研究

选择3种中药配方,以其水提液对体长3-5cm锦鲤进行诱食活性(触球法)试验.每组实验重复5次,实验结果采用Excel和SPSS软件分析.结果表明,配方1对锦鲤的诱食有抑制作用,配方2与配方3对锦鲤有诱食反应,抑制或诱食的强弱与中药的浓度有关.其中,配方1 P=0.004＜ 0.05,配方2 P=0.0005＜ 0.05,配方3 P=0.0003＜ 0.0,经复合饵料饲喂后,实验鱼体长和体重都比基础饵料增长显著,说明3种饵料对锦鲤的生长都有促进作用.其中,配方2降低饵料系数0.2801,增重率达17.66％.     

渤海油气区周边海域PFASs的赋存特征与来源

为了解我国海上油田区域附近PFASs(多氟或全氟化合物)污染状况,本文针对我国渤海油田区所在海域采集了92个海水样品,并对其中19种PFASs及其新型替代品的含量进行了分析。结果表明,渤海油气区周边海水中总PFASs浓度范围为9.33~113ng/L,与中国其他海域相比,渤海油田区周边海水中总PFASs含量较高。传统PFASs中,全氟辛酸(PFOA)是大部分样品中的主要PFASs。新型替代品中,六氟环氧丙烷二聚酸(HFPO-DA)的浓度相对较高,浓度中位数为1.82ng/L,而在所有样品中6:2氯代多氟醚磺酸(6:2Cl-PFESA)均未检出。从区域分布来看,总PFASs浓度较高的油田位于渤海西部。总PFASs含量与离岸距离等影响因素相关性分析表明,渤海油气区附近海水中总PFASs含量与离岸距离显著相关,说明陆源是渤海油气区中PFASs污染的主要来源。     

Anthropogenic contaminants in freshwater from the northern Antarctic Peninsula region

This study aimed to evaluate the presence of ultraviolet filters (UV-Fs), benzotriazoles, pyrethroids and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in freshwater and wastewater from the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. All water samples analyzed contained UV-Fs residues and high concentrations were detected in anthropogenic impacted sites (< LOD up to 1300 ng/L). Likewise, benzotriazoles were detected in all water samples (< LOQ–920 ng/L). Regarding suspended particulate matter, almost all UV-Fs and all benzotriazoles were measured at concentrations ranging from < LOQ to 33 µg/g dry weight. Pyrethroids were also detected (< LOQ–250 ng/L) and their presence implies the existence of a gateway to the Antarctica Peninsula from other regions. The data confirmed the presence of PFASs (< LOD–7500 ng/L) in this area, in agreement with previous studies. In light of these results, extended monitoring in Antarctica should be carried out to perform a reliable environmental risk assessment leading to propose recommendations to minimize the anthropic impact.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01404-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

强化生物除磷系统中胞外聚合物的特性

胞外聚合物(EPS)在生物除磷过程中具有蓄磷能力,为进一步明确生物除磷系统中的EPS特性,以不具有明显除磷能力的全程好氧活性污泥系统(R1)的EPS作为对比,考察了具有良好除磷效果的厌氧/好氧交替下的强化生物除磷系统(R2)中EPS的理化特性.结果表明,相对于R1中的EPS主成分在一个周期内的不固定,R2中的蛋白质含量一直明显高于多糖含量;两者的主要荧光物质均为类蛋白质和类富里酸,但在好氧末期R2中类蛋白质的荧光强度高于R1; R1的EPS中Ca2+> Mg2+,而在R2中, Mg2+>Ca2+,同时R1中的Ca2+含量平均值为8.67mg/gMLSS,大于R2中Ca2+的平均值2.40mg/gMLSS;在好氧末期,R2中的TP为21.65mg/gMLSS,明显高于R1中的TP含量(13.83mg/g-MLSS).此外,R1和R2的zeta电位平均值分别为-36mV和-25mV.由此可见, EBPR系统中的EPS具有与全程好氧活性污泥中的EPS不同的特征.     

基于Meta分析的全氟化合物对鱼类生态毒性效应

全氟及多氟化合物（PFAS）是难降解的有机污染物,具有普遍存在、生物蓄积和生物学毒性效应等特点.为探讨PFAS对鱼类的生物毒性效应,综述了64篇文献,通过Meta分析合并效应值探讨鱼类暴露于PFAS对其功能性状的毒性,为PFAS的毒性评估提供参考,有利于PFAS污染的优先控制管理.结果表明：①在研究的12种功能性状中,鱼类的7类功能性状易感,毒性响应顺序为畸形（lnRR=-2.5599）、发育（lnRR=-0.4103）、细胞损伤（lnRR=-0.3962）、生殖（lnRR=-0.3724）、甲状腺水平（lnRR=-0.2492）、生长（lnRR=-0.2194）和生存（lnRR=-0.2192）;②鱼类性别和所处发育阶段显著影响PFAS的水生毒性,PFAS易对雌鱼产生不良影响（lnRR=-0.1628）,且胚胎期鱼类的生理功能受PFAS影响最显著（lnRR=-0.3553）;③研究涉及的PFAS共13种,其中具有磺酸盐基团的PFAS和长链PFAS更易对鱼类的功能性状产生不良影响（P<0.05）;④现有数据揭示PFAS在中低浓度（0.01~10 mg ·L^-1）下易对鱼类产生急性毒性（P<0.05）.     

膜分离腐殖质前后晚期渗滤液可生化性的变化

晚期渗滤液由于含有大量难降解有机物腐殖质,可生化性差,较难处理。采用特定分子量的超滤膜对晚期渗滤液中的腐殖质进行有效的分离,研究了膜分离腐殖质前后渗滤液的可生化性的变化：渗滤液中腐殖质类物质去除率为90．7％,BOD5/COD值提高了6倍,可生物降解的有机物在总有机物中所占比率提高了约4倍。结果表明,分离腐殖质可提高渗滤液的可生化性。     

Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment

● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.