新形势下再生原料进口制度改革初探

禁止进口固体废物是我国打击“洋垃圾”入境的重要举措。固体废物与再生原料界限模糊导致政策实施过程中存在执行难度,固体废物属性鉴别作为技术手段难以完全应对,进口制度需要进一步改革。通过对进口固体废物及再生原料管理政策分析,再结合固体废物属性鉴别过程中的实际难题,梳理出制度体系不完善、标准规范不健全、技术水平欠缺三方面的问题。为防止固体废物冒充再生原料入境,提出构建完善新型制度体系、建立健全标准规范、加强能力建设等具体举措。     

属性识别理论模型应用于土壤重金属污染评价

土壤重金属污染评价是土壤环境质量评价研究的重要组成部分。基于模糊数学理论建立的属性识别理论模型在其他环境要素评价中已有所应用,现将其应用到土壤重金属污染评价中。该法能较好地把握土壤环境质量各级标准界限的模糊性,并继承了模糊数学方法本身在评价领域应用的优点,实际操作较为简便。为较客观地反映评价因子对土壤环境质量的影响,模型中引入重金属生物有效性的概念与传统权重系数确定法相结合构造各指标权重。该模型评价结果基本上与其他评价方法的结果相一致,并能较为客观地反映出土壤环境的污染状况。     

大中城市水污染状况及治理措施研究

水污染是目前环境污染的主要问题之一,"保护水资源、控制水污染"是大中城市可持续发展的必要条件之一。基于粗糙集(Rough Set,RS)的统计方法能够进行有效的数据分析,通过属性约简可以压缩数据并便于找到关键因子。论文利用上海地区1995—2006年的工业水污染数据,建立了粗糙集属性约简模型,考察工业生产中的各种因素对城市污水排放量的影响,将19个属性因子缩减为3个主要因子,对简化后的因子与人口和经济发展做相关分析研究,提出大中城市的水污染防治的可行建议,有助于提高未来环境保护工作的效率。     

基于熵权属性识别理论的管道第三方破坏可能性研究

为全面与贴近实际地保证评估结果的准确性,从管道沿线社会环境、居民、企业、地方政府、管道公司5个方面辨识导致第三方破坏发生的影响因素,根据第三方破坏风险评估管段划分原则对管道分段,对各评估指标按百分制赋予分值。根据所评管段各评估指标提供的信息,应用熵权属性识别理论,计算评估指标的权重和属性测度,基于有序分割类和属性识别准则,利用置信度准则综合评估管道发生第三方破坏的可能性。最后,计算出管道第三方破坏可能性的综合评分值。通过算例表明,沿线地方经济发达程度与建设活动,员工自身素质,居民、企业、地方政府同管道公司关系密切程度,管道遭受人为故意破坏时的响应速度的对第三方破坏发生的影响较大。属性识别结果表明,该区段管道发生第三方破坏的可能性偏高,管道公司应对影响因素予以重视和持续地关注。     

旅游目的地映象的对应分析--以江西庐山、龙虎山、三清山、井冈山为例

应用对应分析方法对江西省庐山、龙虎山、三清山、井冈山的16个旅游映象属性进行了分析。结果表明：庐山、龙虎山、三清山游客对江西旅游地映象最深的是名山风光、自然生态、名胜古迹，井冈山游客对江西旅游地映象最深的是革命胜地、名山风光、自然生态。从综合来看，四山游客对江西省旅游地映象的共性是名山风光、自然生态、革命胜地、名胜古迹位于前列，对宗教、其他、特色旅游、人造映象不深。四山旅游资源映象与其旅游资源特色及其产品密切相关，但不完全一致。与传统的调查数据的一般分析相比，对应分析方法研究旅游地映象具有优良的特性。在本研究中以图示方式简明直观地揭示了旅游目的地映象的总体特征、不同旅游目的地映象的差异性与相似性，对于旅游竞争市场开发规划有实际应用意义。     

A Comparison of Protocols and Observer Precision for Measuring Physical Stream Attributes1

Abstract: Stream monitoring programs commonly measure physical attributes to assess the effect of land management on stream habitat. Variability associated with the measurement of these attributes has been linked to a number of factors, but few studies have evaluated variability due to differences in protocols. We compared six protocols, five used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and one by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, on six streams in Oregon and Idaho to determine whether differences in protocol affect values for 10 physical stream attributes. Results from Oregon and Idaho were combined for groups participating in both states, with significant differences in attribute means for 9 out of the 10 stream attributes. Significant differences occurred in 5 of 10 in Idaho, and 10 of 10 in Oregon. Coefficients of variation, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and root mean square error were used to evaluate measurement precision. There were differences among protocols for all attributes when states were analyzed separately and as a combined dataset. Measurement differences were influenced by choice of instruments, measurement method, measurement location, attribute definitions, and training approach. Comparison of data gathered by observers using different protocols will be difficult unless a core set of protocols for commonly measured stream attributes can be standardized among monitoring programs.     

重金属和多环芳烃复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响及定量表征

以土壤脲酶和脱氢酶为探针物质，室内培养条件下较为系统地研究了重金属（Cd、Zn、Pb）和多环芳烃（菲、荧蒽、苯并a芘）复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响及其定量表征、结果表明，复合投加上述污染物能使土壤酶活性受到不同程度的抑制，其中，脱氢酶最为敏感，其活性是表征重金属和多环芳烃复合污染的一项重要的参考指标．对复合污染模型的建立与分析表明，土壤环境中，重金属和多环芳烃复合污染的类型和强度与污染物的浓度和复合污染时间密切相关．影响土壤脲酶活性的主要因子依次为：Cd〉Zn与苯并a芘的交互作用〉Zn〉Pb〉Zn和菲的交互作用，影响土壤脱氢酶活性的主要因子依次为：Cd和Zn的交互作用〉Cd〉Zn〉苯并a芘〉Cd和菲的交互作用，其中，Zn和苯并a芘相互作用对脲酶活性以及Cd和Zn交互作用对脱氢酶活性的影响均表现为拮抗作用，Zn和菲，Cd和菲之间的交互作用，无论是对脲酶还是脱氢酶均表现为协同作用，图1表3参18     

珠三角地区水环境承载力综合评价模型研究

针对珠三角地区水环境承载力问题进行研究,从区域水环境承载力所涉及的水资源系统、供水用水系统、水环境污染系统、社会和经济系统、各产业用水指标等多个领域中选取多个指标,构建区域水环境承载力的评价指标体系,利用基于粗糙集理论的属性约简法对指标进行约简,得到较为精简的指标体系;利用Topsis评价法对区域水环境承载力进行了评价,分析了珠三角地区八个城市的水环境承载力,为区域水环境的管理和水污染的控制提供理论基础。     

市政公用特许经营法律属性的探讨

本文通过分析市政公用特许经营行政许可和民事行为的特点，得出市政公用特许经营具有行政许可和民事经济行为的双重法律属性的结论，并尝试提出了在项目实际操作中如何正确处理这种特殊性的方法。     

Multiple attribute evaluation of landscape management

Economic approaches to the valuation of ecological services have several limitations. Some of these limitations can be overcome using the multiple attribute decision-making model developed in this paper. The model postulates that a private or public decision-maker selects a site/landscape management plan based on the biophysical and economic attributes of alternative management plans, the decision-maker’s preferences for attributes, and constraints on the selection of a management plan.Two cases are examined. Case A is a watershed consisting of publicly owned land that is managed at the site, management unit and landscape scales. Management is based on the philosophy of ecosystem management. Case B is a watershed composed of several privately owned units that are managed at the site scale by decision-makers whose primary motivation is economic profit. The preferred management plan in both cases is determined using a two-stage procedure. The first stage uses a stochastic programming model to identify the most efficient management plans for a site/landscape. The second stage determines which efficient management plan for a site/landscape is preferred by maximizing an expected utility function that is additive in the attributes and assumes that the decision-maker is risk neutral.Whether a land-management plan results in strongly or weakly sustainable resource conditions is evaluated. Strong sustainability requires the probability of exceeding the minimum acceptable value of an attribute to be greater than or equal to a pre-determined reliability level for each attribute. Weak sustainability requires the same condition except that it applies to a composite index of the attributes rather than each attribute. Bayes theorem is used to evaluate uncertainty about whether the state of a landscape is sustainable.