Explaining implementation deficits through multi-level governance in the EU's new member states: EU limits for arsenic in drinking water in Hungary

This paper uses a multi-level governance lens to explore a case of non-compliance with EU legislation in Hungary and expands historical institutionalist explanations of EU laggards. Despite adopting the European Union's (EU's) limit of 10 ppb arsenic in drinking water, parts of Hungary do not comply. To explain this deficit, the paper examines the match between discourse incorporated into policy and held by policy actors in Hungary. Multiple points of mismatch are found that influence implementation because of governance structures, adding specificity to explanations of ‘goodness of fit’ between EU and national policy.     

Unveiling soil degradation and desertification risk in the Mediterranean basin: a data mining analysis of the relationships between biophysical and socioeconomic factors in agro-forest landscapes

Soil degradation and desertification processes in the Mediterranean basin reflect the interplay between environmental and socioeconomic drivers. An approach to evaluate comparatively the multiple relationships between biophysical variables and socioeconomic factors is illustrated in the present study using the data collected from 586 field sites located in five Mediterranean areas (Spain, Greece, Turkey, Tunisia and Morocco). A total of 47 variables were chosen to illustrate land-use, farm characteristics, population pressure, tourism development, rainfall regime, water availability, soil properties and vegetation cover, among others. A data mining approach incorporating non-parametric inference, principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering was developed to identify candidate syndromes of soil degradation and desertification risk. While field sites in the same study area showed a substantial similarity, the multivariate relationship among variables diverged among study areas. Data mining techniques proved to be a practical tool to identify spatial determinants of soil degradation and desertification risk. Our findings identify the contrasting spatial patterns for biophysical and socioeconomic variables, in turn associated with different responses to land degradation.     

中国城市饮用水法的历史发展及其启示

近年来中国城市饮用水事件频发,威胁着城市饮用水安全,直接关系着公民的生命权和健康权.然而,中国有关城市饮用水的规定散见于相关法律、行政法规及环境、水利、卫生、建设等部门制定的规章中,还没有一部完整意义上的城市饮用水法.城市饮用水法历经四个历史阶段的发展,仍然只关注于城市饮用水某个阶段的发展.因此,城市饮用水法应加强城市饮用水各个阶段的管理,建立城市饮用水全过程控制法律制度.     

考虑环境适应性和环境防护的火灾黑匣子设计

目的为了清楚记录火灾事故过程,便于灾后调查分析及预防火灾。方法对火灾现场的环境条件及其复杂性进行研究,并在此基础上,提出考虑环境适应性和环境防护的火灾黑匣子系统的设计思路,进行初步设计。结果火灾黑匣子的外部防护壳体采用了高强度的合金材料,确保了外壳具有较高的硬度和强度,保证了抗电磁干扰能力。内部是主要由二氧化硅凝聚物和石棉粉组成的多重复合结构,具有较好的抗高温火烧性能。结论该设计下的黑匣子实现了对日常使用和恶劣火场环境下的火灾数据的记录、存储与再现的问题。     

基于实测资料海洋内孤立波诊断模型设计

目的基于实测的海洋资料,研究设计海洋内孤立波诊断模型。方法首先对实测的ADCP海洋资料和温度链资料进行质量控制处理,然后利用海洋内波动力学理论和诊断分析技术,建立提取海洋内波特征的诊断模型。结果成功设计了能够提取海洋内波振幅、内波周期、变差流矢量时间序列、内波波致流和内波传播方向的诊断模型。结论该诊断模型通过实测的温度链、潜标、ADCP等连续观测的海洋资料,可诊断出海洋内波周期、内波振幅等特征要素,为实施海洋水文气象保障提供了重要技术手段。     

环境试验数据资源建设的思考

从环境试验数据的内涵着手,阐述了环境试验数据的类型及资源建设的范围。分析了环境试验数据的作用及资源建设的重大意义,并进一步对环境试验数据资源建设的国内外现状进行了分析研究,通过国内外对比分析,找出了我国在环境试验数据资源建设方面存在的差距和问题,提出了我国今后在环境试验数据资源建设方面的目标和发展方向。     

现场监测数据审核方法及异常数据的判别研究

现场监测数据审核是整个环境监测质量管理中的重要一环,关系到监测数据的真实、公正、有效.现场监测原始记录准确完整的填写是数据审核的前提条件,文章论述了原始记录的填写要求及填写方法.针对审核过程中遇到异常数据的具体问题加以判别,分析原始记录的完整性、计算公式的准确性在现场监测数据审核工作中的作用.结合实际工作,通过对环境监测数据相关性、逻辑性进行研究,分析了现场监测数据审核过程中应注意的问题及异常数据的产生原因,并提出了相应的解决方法.     

本底大气CO2观测分析过程中QA/QC方法的建立与评估

建立科学规范的本底大气CO2采样观测分析过程中的质量保证与质量控制方法,是实现该数据资源同化和共享的基础.本研究以中国气象局温室气体网络化采样观测经验为基础,以便携式采样观测、波长扫描-光腔衰荡(WS-CRDS)分析技术为例,系统介绍了我国青海瓦里关全球本底站大气中CO2采样观测过程中的质量保证措施,样品分析过程中的玻璃瓶质量保证措施和样品分析过程中的系统质量控制方法、数据处理过程中的校正方法、数据分级质量标记和数据拟合插补方法等;并重点对该方法中几个关键步骤进行了评估验证;最后,应用本研究方法,对我国3个区域大气本底站CO2的采样观测数据进行了处理和浓度变化特征分析,说明本研究方法也可以较好地捕捉区域和局地环境因素影响对观测结果的影响,并客观、准确地反映该区域的自然和人为活动特征.     

Risk factors in urban road traffic accidents

INTRODUCTION: The urban road traffic accident (RTA) risks for the city of Zagreb, Croatia, from 1999 through 2000 were analyzed with the aim of reducing the increasing injury incidence. METHOD: Simple and bivariate analysis using chi(2), odds ratio, and confidence interval of 95% was used to determine risks in three outcome groups: killed, severely, and mildly injured. RESULTS: There were 528 RTA victims consisting of 260 severely, 213 mildly injured, and 55 killed at the scene of an accident and during transportation. More fatal accidents occurred during night hours (OR=3.78; 95% CI, 2.08-6.85), on urban road links (OR=2.33; 95% CI, 1.30-4.19), and at exceeding speed limit (OR=2.56; 95% CI, 1.43-4.61). More people were injured than killed on urban junctions (OR=5.27; 95% CI, 2.21-12.57). The highest combined risk of dying or being severely injured was found in males, driving at excessive speed, on urban links, and during bad visibility (OR=16.15; 95% CI, 3.901-66.881). CONCLUSION: These results will influence the urban traffic police enforcement measures, which will change inappropriate behavior of drivers and protect the least experienced road users.