Using SWAT to Model Streamflow in Two River Basins With Ground and Satellite Precipitation Data1

Abstract: Both ground rain gauge and remotely sensed precipitation (Next Generation Weather Radar – NEXRAD Stage III) data have been used to support spatially distributed hydrological modeling. This study is unique in that it utilizes and compares the performance of National Weather Service (NWS) rain gauge, NEXRAD Stage III, and Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) 3B42 (Version 6) data for the hydrological modeling of the Middle Nueces River Watershed in South Texas and Middle Rio Grande Watershed in South Texas and northern Mexico. The hydrologic model chosen for this study is the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), which is a comprehensive, physical‐based tool that models watershed hydrology and water quality within stream reaches. Minor adjustments to selected model parameters were applied to make parameter values more realistic based on results from previous studies. In both watersheds, NEXRAD Stage III data yields results with low mass balance error between simulated and actual streamflow (±13%) and high monthly Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients (NS > 0.60) for both calibration (July 1, 2003 to December 31, 2006) and validation (2007) periods. In the Middle Rio Grande Watershed NEXRAD Stage III data also yield robust daily results (time averaged over a three‐day period) with NS values of (0.60‐0.88). TRMM 3B42 data generate simulations for the Middle Rio Grande Watershed of variable qualtiy (MBE = +13 to ?16%; NS = 0.38‐0.94; RMSE = 0.07‐0.65), but greatly overestimates streamflow during the calibration period in the Middle Nueces Watershed. During the calibration period use of NWS rain gauge data does not generate acceptable simulations in both watersheds. Significantly, our study is the first to successfully demonstrate the utility of satellite‐estimated precipitation (TRMM 3B42) in supporting hydrologic modeling with SWAT; thereby, potentially extending the realm (between 50°N and 50°S) where remotely sensed precipitation data can support hydrologic modeling outside of regions that have modern, ground‐based radar networks (i.e., much of the third world).     

我国信息系统数据结构标准对比研究

数据结构是信息系统的核心,建立数据结构标准是建立高效、统一、高度共享的信息系统的重要保障。本文介绍了我国信息系统数据结构标准的研究进展,并对信息系统数据结构标准从建立的时间、分布的行业和内部的数据元属性三个不同的角度进行了对比研究,总结发现了目前我国信息系统存在的主要问题、以及数据结构标准在信息系统建设和促进数据共享中所起的重要作用以及存在的主要矛盾,并提出了针对作业场所职业危害监管信息系统基础数据结构标准化过程中可能存在的主要问题以及拟采用的解决方法。     

作业场所职业危害基础数据标准设计

作业场所职业危害基础信息数据标准是避免信息孤岛现象,促进数据共享和作业场所职业危害相关信息系统建设的重要基础。本文介绍了数据元的主要分类方法,并采用面分类方法和线分类方法相结合的方法对作业场所职业危害基础信息数据进行分类,通过面分类方法设计了合理的作业场所职业危害基础信息数据元对象类,通过线分类方法将作业场所职业危害基础信息数据元划分到不同的对象类下,并阐述了作业场所职业危害基础信息数据标准设计的内容和方法。     

南京典型古建筑的消防现状调查和消防对策

通过对江苏南京代表性古建筑朝天宫、甘熙故居、鸡鸣寺和净觉寺的实地深入调查,从结构、材料、内容、布局和环境等方面分析了古建筑普遍存在的火灾危险性,考察了古建筑中现代消防设施建设、消防资金投入、消防管理措施和现代消防材料和技术应用的现状,发现多数古建筑在消防防护方面仍处于保守、常规、落后和消极的状态。为实现对古建筑价值的最大限度保护,应从消防安全布局、消防站建设、消防通道设计、消防给水供应、消防通讯保障、消防装备配置等方面进行性能化设计和规划;在遵循“修旧如旧”的修缮和维护原则下,需要勇于尝试和接纳纳米材料等新型化学保护材料和技术。     

Knowledge-based system,equipped with cluster analysis for eco-material selection: an automobile structure case study

The aim of this study is to develop a material selection framework structured around a knowledge-based system (KBS). Specifically, a hybrid data mining technique is employed to extract knowledge from large datasets using cluster analysis techniques; the mined knowledge then serves as the inference logic within the KBS designed for material selection purposes. Cluster analysis results are used as a basis for the tree-based structure of the KBS where if–then rules are developed based on the general cluster properties; that is, inference logic is structured in a way such that it can predict general sustainability characteristics of the material as well as its exact mechanical, cost and physical properties. To develop the structure of the KBS, the selection structure employs sustainable material indices. Additionally, the proposed material selection model of the KBS is purposefully composed of material sustainability, functionality and cost indices. The constructed knowledge is then demonstrated for selecting automobile structural panels.     

河北省旱涝灾害历史特征研究

通过分析河北省旱涝灾害的历史状况,得出黉灾呈逐年减轻、时灾呈逐年加重的认识,旱灾是河北省的一种主要自然灾害,探讨了该省旱涝灾害的时空分布规律,在时间上具有季节性、持续性和阶段性,在空间上具有地域性,对增强水患意识,防汛抗旱,今后的防灾抗灾提供了科学依据。     

利用多源数据融合研究长白山天池火山的喷发期次及空间分布

利用ERS－2 SAR,Landsat TM和全色航空照片等图像,结合测年、野外地质考察等资料,在GIS平台上利用多源数据融合、小波变换、神经元网络分类等手段,研究了长白山天池火山的喷发期次及分布,为火山灾害制图及危险性评价提供了重要依据。     

Spatial concentration distributions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in Patras, Greece, in a winter period

An economic and quick methodology for performing a preliminary spatial assessment of a city air quality with the purpose to identify locations and zones susceptible to high pollution levels is proposed. A Patras case-study is selected, regarding the air pollutants of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and oxides of nitrogen (NO_x). A total number of 451 samples of short duration, of which 225 were randomly picked in morning rush hours and 226 within evening rush hours, were collected from 50 locations of the major Patras area during a year period, when peaks of primary air pollutants usually occur. Concentration measurements at prescribed locations used to statistically calculate spatial average concentrations approximating 1-h mean values with mean probable errors less than 25.9% for SO₂, NO and NO_x and less than 15.5% for NO₂. Then iso-concentration contour diagrams plotted indicate high pollution zones and possibly appropriate locations for continuous or random monitoring according to the European Community (EC) Directives. The 1-h mean concentrations were in good correlation to the corresponding traffic rates and useful relationships are given (0.54 ≤ r ≤ 0.63). In addition, comparisons with data available for other cities, as well as with the limit and guide values provided by the EC and the World Health Organization (WHO) were given. The present data could be useful for the design and optimization of a city network of stations for monitoring air quality, for environmental impact assessments, future reference and comparisons due to city development needs, as well as for validating dispersion models.     

安徽省地震前兆SQL网络数据库通用接口程序

为充分发挥前兆数字化数据在地震预报中的作用 ,研制了基于SQL网络数据库的通用接口程序。该程序通过ODBC数据源直接从网上对数据库进行存取 ,并通过数据导出和日期格式的转换而形成前兆分析人员所需的数据格式。     

污染源普查数据集成与共享平台研究与实践

应用数据仓库、商务智能等信息技术对第一次全国污染源普查数据进行了整理集成,设计开发了普查数据的共享平台,并对数据共享与服务的技术保障体系进行了研究。平台采用资源目录和标准数据集的方式对普查数据资源进行组织,并设计了数据资源的获取、发布以及申请定制等共享服务流程。平台技术保障体系主要包括数据成果的分类分级、发布策略、管理流程、质量控制规范等。