基于Landsat8影像估算新安江水库光合有效辐射漫射衰减系数

光合有效辐射(photosynthetically active radiation,PAR)是指可以被植物利用并进行光合作用的那部分太阳辐射,其进入湖水后受光学组分(悬浮颗粒、有色可溶性有机物和浮游植物)的吸收和散射作用发生衰减,对湖泊生物的密度和分布具有重要影响.本研究构建了基于Landsat 8影像数据的较为清洁的新安江水库PAR漫衰减系数的遥感估算模型,进而分析其时空分布特征及主要影响因素.结果表明,利用Landsat 8的第二、三和第八波段构建的多元回归模型能够得到较为准确的估算结果,模型决定系数为0.87.利用独立样本对构建的模型验证,预测值和实测值相对误差绝对值均值为9.16%,均方根误差为0.06 m~(-1),由此可见利用Landsat 8数据的3个波段,采用多元回归模型能够较好地估算较清洁水体的PAR漫射衰减系数.基于14景Landsat 8影像发现,新安江水库PAR漫射衰减系数季节差异性明显,秋季(9~11月)和夏季(6~8月)PAR漫射衰减系数较高,分别为(0.82±0.60)m~(-1)和(0.77±0.41)m~(-1),而冬季(12~次年2月)和春季(3~5月)PAR漫射衰减系数相对较低,分别为(0.56±0.50)m~(-1)和(0.40±0.45)m~(-1).新安江水库PAR漫射衰减系数空间差异性显著,全湖PAR漫射衰减系数变化范围为(0.002~13.86)m~(-1),均值为(0.64±0.49)m~(-1).漫射衰减系数的季节变化主要是由季节性降雨和浮游植物季节性生长引起,空间差异性主要由外源河流输入和部分水域采砂过程导致悬浮物浓度变化引起.     

基于最小数据集的成都平原某区土壤养分综合评价体系的构建

成都平原是我国重要的粮食、蔬菜、水果产地,进行土壤养分综合评价有利于了解区域土壤养分空间分布、丰缺程度,对区内土地的合理利用、养分变化监测具有重要作用.为此,本文基于土壤地球化学数据,通过相关分析、主成分分析、Norm值计算,构建了研究区土壤养分综合评价的最小数据集(MDS),并对比了国内16个MDS土壤养分评价体系....     

2010-2019年粤港澳大湾区甲醛柱浓度时空分布及影响因子研究

基于Aura卫星OMI传感器的甲醛逐日数据,开展了2010—2019年粤港澳大湾区对流层甲醛垂直柱浓度的时空变化研究,并应用气象、植被和社会经济数据,对甲醛柱浓度变化的影响因子进行了分析.结果表明:2010—2019年粤港澳大湾区甲醛柱浓度呈波动起伏的变化特征,季节均值变化趋势与年度均值变化趋势相似,秋季季节浓度均值最高,其后依次为春季、夏季、冬季;在空间上,2010—2019年甲醛柱浓度均呈现自西北向东南逐渐降低的趋势,在甲醛柱浓度变化趋势上,粤港澳大湾区大部分区域呈现缓慢增加的趋势;针对不同土地覆盖类型,春季,绿地上空甲醛柱浓度高于建筑用地与耕地,夏、秋、冬季,建筑用地上空甲醛柱浓度略高;在空间分布稳定性上,受地形、土地覆盖类型和气象条件影响,西北部稳定性较强,南部珠江入海口处稳定性较弱;自然因子和人为因子对甲醛柱浓度的增长都有一定的贡献,其中,生产总值、汽车保有量、能源消耗量等人为因子对甲醛柱浓度的影响更为显著.     

基于FY3C地表温度重建的多云地区旱情监测评估

受热红外传感器无法探测云下地表信息的影响,热红外遥感数据失去了对多云地区旱情监测的能力。采用RSDAST（Remotely Sensed Daily Land Surface Temperature Reconstruction）模型实现了FY3C/VIRR（Visible and Infrared Radiometer）云像元LST值的重建,结合重建后LST和NDVI数据采用TVDI指数对2018年重庆市干旱进行监测分析,并通过对比土壤墒情数据与OTVDI（Original TVDI）和RTVDI（Reconstructed TVDI）间的相关性来评估RTVDI在多云条件下旱情监测的能力。评估结果表明：基于RSDAST模型扩大了多云地区遥感干旱监测的空间范围和时间连续性,提升了区域旱情监测的精度（长时间序列和空间分布上RTVDI与土壤墒情数据间的R值均高于OTVDI）,极大地提高热红外遥感数据在多云条件下的可用性和可靠性。     

污染源自动监测异常数据识别规则及处理方法探索

基于大量污染源自动监测数据的特征分析与异常原因解析,探索建立针对自动监测异常数据的识别规则与标志处理方法,并通过模型训练实现了异常数据的自动标志.经实例验证,该方法可识别异常偏高、异常偏低、异常为0、迟滞不变、逻辑错误等5种类型的异常数据,按照数据有效性及异常原因进行标志处理,可以为后续数据分析及各类模型训练提供数据基...     

哈尔滨市热岛效应与植被的关系——基于RS和GIS的定量研究

利用遥感和地理信息系统技术对Landsat ETM＋热红外遥感数据进行处理，反演和计算了哈尔滨城区的地面亮温和植被指数。通过剖面分析，研究了城区温度场的空间格局与植被盖度的关系；通过多元回归分析，揭示了城区热岛效应同多个指数的相关关系。结果表明：市内的道外区是热岛效应的主要分布区，道里区、香坊区的情况也比较严重；铁路沿线区域是城区主要的热岛效应地带；植被盖度和地面亮温呈反相关关系；植被和水体区域可以缓解城市的热岛效应。通过对市区热岛效应分析，可以监测城市化进程，为城市热环境质量评价和热源调查提供准确、丰富的信息。     

Dynamic catch trends in the history of recreational spearfishing in Australia

The sustained decline in marine fisheries worldwide underscores the need to understand and monitor fisheries trends and fisher behavior. Recreational fisheries are unique in that they are not subject to the typical drivers that influence commercial and artisanal fisheries (e.g., markets or food security). Nevertheless, although exposed to a different set of drivers (i.e., interest or relaxation), recreational fisheries can contribute to fishery declines. Recreational fisheries are also difficult to assess due to an absence of past monitoring and traditional fisheries data. Therefore, we utilized a nontraditional data source (a chronology of spearfishing publications) to document historical trends in recreational spearfishing in Australia between 1952 and 2009. We extracted data on reported fish captures, advertising, and spearfisher commentary and used regression models and ordination analyses to assess historical change. The proportion of coastal fish captures reported declined approximately 80%, whereas the proportion of coral reef and pelagic fish reports increased 1750% and 560%, respectively. Catch composition shifted markedly from coastal temperate or subtropical fishes during the 1950s to 1970s to coral reef and pelagic species in the 1990s to 2000s. Advertising data and commentary by spearfishers indicated that pelagic fish species became desired targets. The mean weight of trophy coral reef fishes also declined significantly over the study period (from approximately 30–8 kg). Recreational fishing presents a highly dynamic social–ecological interface and a challenge for management. Our results emphasize the need for regulatory agencies to work closely with recreational fishing bodies to observe fisher behavior, detect shifts in target species or fishing intensity, and adapt regulatory measures. Tendencias Dinámicas de Captura en la Historia de la Pesca Recreativa con Arpón en Australia     

Conservation of biodiversity through taxonomy,data publication,and collaborative infrastructures

Taxonomy is the foundation of biodiversity science because it furthers discovery of new species. Globally, there have never been so many people involved in naming species new to science. The number of new marine species described per decade has never been greater. Nevertheless, it is estimated that tens of thousands of marine species, and hundreds of thousands of terrestrial species, are yet to be discovered; many of which may already be in specimen collections. However, naming species is only a first step in documenting knowledge about their biology, biogeography, and ecology. Considering the threats to biodiversity, new knowledge of existing species and discovery of undescribed species and their subsequent study are urgently required. To accelerate this research, we recommend, and cite examples of, more and better communication: use of collaborative online databases; easier access to knowledge and specimens; production of taxonomic revisions and species identification guides; engagement of nonspecialists; and international collaboration. “Data‐sharing” should be abandoned in favor of mandated data publication by the conservation science community. Such a step requires support from peer reviewers, editors, journals, and conservation organizations. Online data publication infrastructures (e.g., Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Ocean Biogeographic Information System) illustrate gaps in biodiversity sampling and may provide common ground for long‐term international collaboration between scientists and conservation organizations.     

Using historical ecology to reassess the conservation status of coniferous forests in Central Europe

Forests cover approximately one‐third of Central Europe. Oak (Quercus) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) are considered the natural dominants at low and middle elevations, respectively. Many coniferous forests (especially of Picea abies) occur primarily at midelevations, but these are thought to have resulted from forestry plantations planted over the past 200 years. Nature conservation and forestry policy seek to promote broadleaved trees over conifers. However, there are discrepancies between conservation guidelines (included in Natura 2000) and historical and palaeoecological data with regard to the distribution of conifers. Our aim was to bring new evidence to the debate on the conservation of conifers versus broadleaved trees at midelevations in Central Europe. We created a vegetation and land‐cover model based on pollen data for a highland area of 11,300 km² in the Czech Republic and assessed tree species composition in the forests before the onset of modern forestry based on 18th‐century archival sources. Conifers dominated the study region throughout the entire Holocene (approximately 40–60% of the area). Broadleaved trees were present in a much smaller area than envisaged by current ideas of natural vegetation. Rather than casting doubt on the principles of Central European nature conservation in general, our results highlight the necessity of detailed regional investigations and the importance of historical data in challenging established notions on the natural distribution of tree species.     

Loss of an ecological baseline through the eradication of oyster reefs from coastal ecosystems and human memory

Oyster reefs form over extensive areas and the diversity and productivity of sheltered coasts depend on them. Due to the relatively recent population growth of coastal settlements in Australia, we were able to evaluate the collapse and extirpation of native oyster reefs (Ostrea angasi) over the course of a commercial fishery. We used historical records to quantify commercial catch of O. angasi in southern Australia from early colonization, around 1836, to some of the last recorded catches in 1944 and used our estimates of catch and effort to map their past distribution and assess oyster abundance over 180 years. Significant declines in catch and effort occurred from 1886 to 1946 and no native oyster reefs occur today, but historically oyster reefs extended across more than 1,500 km of coastline. That oyster reefs were characteristic of much of the coastline of South Australia from 1836 to 1910 appears not to be known because there is no contemporary consideration of their ecological and economic value. Based on the concept of a shifted baseline, we consider this contemporary state to reflect a collective, intergenerational amnesia. Our model of generational amnesia accounts for differences in intergenerational expectations of food, economic value, and ecosystem services of nearshore areas. An ecological system that once surrounded much of the coast and possibly the past presence of oyster reefs altogether may be forgotten and could not only undermine progress towards their recovery, but also reduce our expectations of these coastal ecosystems. La Pérdida de una Línea de Base Ecológica por Medio de la Erradicación de Arrecifes de Ostión de los Ecosistemas Costeros y la Memoria Humana