利用连续GPS资料分析芦山7.0级地震区域地壳变形特征

2013年4月20日,龙门山断裂带南段四川芦山附近发生7.0级地震,造成较严重地震灾害及其次生灾害。为研究地震区域地壳变形特征,利用芦山地震震中周边陆态网GPS连续站2010-2013年的观测资料,得到发震区域水平运动速度场和垂直形变场,获得距震中较近站点的同震位移;利用站间基线时间序列和应变参数时间序列得到了区域应变积累背景,并结合块体运动信息分离方法,进一步分析了震前可能存在的异常形变信息。从中得知:芦山地震发震区域处于块体挤出的"分流"地带,地壳水平变形量较小。站间基线QHBM-SCSN和QHBM-SCXJ在2012年下半年均出现偏离原有运动速率的趋势。SCXJ站时间序列信息分离结果显示,其N向和E向应变贡献分量在2012年也有曲线转折现象。     

基于DEA模型对循环经济产业链的构建和优化

基于DEA(数据包络模型)对甘肃民勤县红沙岗工业集中区产业链的构建进行了定量优化研究。从发挥当地煤炭资源优势出发,构建了煤-焦炭、煤-甲醇、煤-兰炭-电石和煤-甲醇-二甲醚4条循环经济产业链,选择主要原辅材料消耗和污染物产生量作为投入指标,产值和规模作为产出指标,判断产业链的DEA有效性。结合产业政策要求及集中区重大资源和环境制约因素后,综合确定出适合集中区发展的循环经济产业链和适度的产业规模。结果表明,120万t/a的煤-兰炭-电石产业链为优先发展的产业链。     

基于隐含能的行业完全能源效率评价模型研究

针对各行业能源利用效率的评价比较问题,考虑能源、经济、环境之间相互依存和相互制约的关系,基于隐含能思想提出了行业完全能源效率的概念,构建了评价指标体系,并将投入产出模型和数据包络分析方法相结合建立了评价模型,模型综合考虑了行业生产中能源消耗和碳排放对经济社会发展与环境演变的作用与价值.通过实证分析,对北京市42个行业的完全能源效率进行了评价,鉴别其在生产全流程能源消费中存在的问题,并给出了提高行业完全能源效率的潜力和改进途径.实证研究结果表明,北京市第一产业的完全能源效率很低,有些服务业的完全能源效率也较低,相反地有些工业行业的完全能源效率却比较高.这说明,为了实现节能减排目标,政府不应该简单地限制所有工业行业发展,也不应该盲目地鼓励发展所有服务业,而应该参考各行业的完全能源效率情况,在充分衡量其对经济社会发展的贡献之后做出综合决策.     

风廓线雷达资料在灰霾预报中的应用研究

利用风廓线雷达资料对2008年7月-2010年6月的灰霾日进行了分析。结果表明:灰霾有明显的季节变化,不同程度的灰霾主要出现在10月-次年4月份,其他月份出现较少。风速对灰霾的出现与否起着重要的作用,在易出现灰霾的10月-4月中层风速≥10 m/s时不易出现灰霾,此情况约占非霾日的87%,反之则易出现,风速越小,灰霾污染程度越严重。不易出现灰霾的5月-9月除了看中层风速外,还要结合大气边界层高度和天空状况,中层风速较小的情况下,降雨频繁和大气边界层较高时也不易出现灰霾。     

基于MODIS的湖南省农业干旱监测模型

诸多遥感干旱监测指数已被成功应用于中国北方地区,但在南方湿润地区的应用则相对较少。以湖南省为研究区,结合遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)技术,利用MODIS增强植被状态指数(EVCI)和温度状态指数(TCI)的复合信息,并根据EVCI和TCI对干旱信息的敏感程度不同,赋予不同的权重值,建立干旱状态指数(DCI)遥感监测模型,并将该模型应用于湖南省农作物的旱情监测,得到了湖南省耕地旱情等级的空间分布图。通过与该省97个气象台站同期获取的综合气象干旱指数(CI)的相关分析与验证,表明DCI与CI指数的线性相关显著,EVCI和TCI的权重分别取值0.4和0.6时为最佳组合,并论证了该模型适宜南方地区的干旱监测。     

Radarsat observations and forecasting of oil slick trajectory movements

RADARSAT data have a potential role for coastal pollution monitoring. This study presents a new approach to detect and forecast oil slick trajectory movements. The oil slick trajectory movements is based on the tidal current effects and Fay‘s algorithm for oil slick spreading mechanisms. The oil spill trajectory model contains the integration between Doppler frequency shift model and Lagrangian model. Doppler frequency shift model implemented to simulate tidal current pattem from RADARSAT data while the Lagrangian model used to predict oil spill spreading pattern. The classical Fay‘s algorithm was implemented with the two models to simulate the oil spill trajectory movements. The study shows that the slick lengths are effected by tidal current V component with maximum velocity of 1.4 m/s. This indicates that oil slick trajectory path is moved towards the north direction. The oil slick parcels are accumulated along the coastline after 48 h. The analysis indicated that tidal current V components were the dominant forcing for oil slick spreading.     

Contrasting ecological information content in whaling archives with modern cetacean surveys for conservation planning and identification of historical distribution changes

Many species are restricted to a marginal or suboptimal fraction of their historical range due to anthropogenic impacts, making it hard to interpret their ecological preferences from modern-day data alone. However, inferring past ecological states is limited by the availability of robust data and biases in historical archives, posing a challenge for policy makers . To highlight how historical records can be used to understand the ecological requirements of threatened species and inform conservation, we investigated sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) distribution in the Western Indian Ocean. We assessed differences in information content and habitat suitability predictions based on whale occurrence data from Yankee whaling logs (1792–1912) and from modern cetacean surveys (1995–2020). We built maximum entropy habitat suitability models containing static (bathymetry-derived) variables to compare models comprising historical-only and modern-only data. Using both historical and modern habitat suitability predictions  we assessed marine protected area (MPA) placement by contrasting suitability in- and outside MPAs. The historical model predicted high habitat suitability in shelf and coastal regions near continents and islands, whereas the modern model predicted a less coastal distribution with high habitat suitability more restricted to areas of steep topography. The proportion of high habitat suitability inside versus outside MPAs was higher when applying the historical predictions than the modern predictions, suggesting that different marine spatial planning optimums can be reached from either data sources. Moreover, differences in relative habitat suitability predictions between eras were consistent with the historical depletion of sperm whales from coastal regions, which were easily accessed and targeted by whalers, resulting in a modern distribution limited more to steep continental margins and remote oceanic ridges. The use of historical data can provide important new insights and, through cautious interpretation, inform conservation planning and policy, for example, by identifying refugee species and regions of anticipated population recovery.     

应急场景下矿工脑电成分特征的实验研究

为探究矿工在应急场景下的脑电成分变化规律,研究通过脑电实验的方法对矿工在观看应急与正常作业场景下文字与图片素材的脑电数据进行分析.结果表明:矿工在实验素材的靶刺激下,ERP成分明显,且图片刺激效果强于文字,在200～400 ms时,P200,P300成分峰值最大;矿工大脑α节律不断下降,β节律不断上升,且β节律波幅面积...     

大地震与陆地下沉灾害综述

从早期传说、水下遗迹、历史记载、现代测量等多个方面对中外历史上的大地震造成的陆地下沉灾害进行了综述,说明大地震与陆地下沉有非常密切的联系;并指出这种灾害现象有以下几个主要特点:①下沉主要发生在地震过程中;②下沉最严重的地区位于震中区;③越大的地震下沉区规模越大,可达上千乃至上万平方公里。根据这些特点判断,这种下沉应该属于地壳构造运动。     

一种基于宏观经济指标的地震灾害快速评估方法及实现

利用Matlab软件及Office组件函数编写了基于宏观经济指标进行地震灾害快速评估并自动生成灾害简报的程序。该程序可以充分利用天津地区高密度强震台网资源,也可以计算理论烈度下的灾害评估结果。程序利用的基础数据资料主要是乡镇级别的人口及区县级别的GDP统计数据,数据更新维护经济可靠。通过与天津市"十五"地震应急评估系统触发的342个地震灾害评估结果对比,表明二者之间相关性非常强,而该程序计算速度则快一个量级以上。程序涉及的数据处理及计算方法适合于大城市及城市群的地震灾害快速评估。