山地历史小城镇的消防事故致因及其适应性对策研究

山地历史小城镇因区位偏远、地形地貌复杂、文物建筑密度大、居民文化水平偏低等多方面原因,导致消防工作难度大于其他小城镇。基于当前我国山地历史小城镇的消防建设工作处于被忽视的现状和小城镇建设步伐加快的背景,指出山地历史小城镇消防工作的紧迫性和重要性。以湖南洪江古城为例,针对山地历史小城镇的火灾特点,对其消防事故原因及其扑救障碍因素进行分析,提出山地历史小城镇消防工作的适应性对策。研究结果表明,山地历史小城镇的消防工作必须与保护不可再生文物建筑相结合,同时尊重山地生态环境,采用分区消防规划,结合科学的管理方法,做到消防方案的适应性与可行性。     

大气自动监测系统监测数据"有效性"讨论

根据统计推导出有效日均值允许缺测时数与允许误差和全日时均值均方差的理论关系式,应用于北京大气自动监测系统冬季二氧化硫小时浓度监测资料,计算出９５％置信度下随机缺测允许最大时数为６ｈ,与目前国家环保局要求７５％数据捕获率相一致。     

环境对青铜文物锈蚀的影响

通过对陕西省几个著名文物景点环境的监测和西安地区环境监测的报道,在分析中国古代青铜文物本体与锈体化学组成的基础上,提出了青铜文物的腐蚀机理－化学腐蚀和电化学腐蚀。认为青铜文物锈蚀的条件是：含有氯离子、潮湿的酸性环境。从而指出：控制环境是保护文物的关键。要最大限度地延长青铜文物的寿命,必须改善环境条件,这是保护文物的根本措施。     

三相生物流化床膨胀特性方程的研究

研究建立了描写三相生物流化床床层膨胀特性的经验关联式．当已知床内表观液速、表观气速和载体上生物膜厚度时,能比较准确地预测床层膨胀高度,为设计提供依据．与以往不同的是,本研究通过等效函数的设置和求解,用一个方程将两相床和三相床的膨胀特性描述出来．该方程能反映三相床低气速下的床层收缩行为,在气速为零时可还原为两相床．试验用反应器直径１．４ｍ,高６．５ｍ,载体为０．３—０．５ｍｍ的石英砂,射流曝气体内充氧．４种生物膜厚：５２,８０,１１５,１３７μｍ．试验用生活污水ＢＯＤ５４７．６—７７．２ｍｇ／Ｌ．     

环境气象学中的方向数据统计

在环境气象学中,方向数据具有它的特点,统计与普通的数理统计不同。本文将方向数据统计用于环境科学,用风向玫瑰图直观地表达了风向数据,介绍了平均风向的概念和计算方法及风向标准差的合理计算。最后给出厦门市风向研究实例。     

地方环境管理信息系统的设计(续)——模块和数据库设计

模块化设计是REMIS的基本方法,数据库是REMIS的核心。本文论述了模块化设计和数据库设计的基本方法和成果。据此得到的模块化分解和数据库结构方案可以保证系统实施的稳定性和灵活性,同时使系统保持较高的运行效率。     

微波功率放大组件加速贮存数据处理及寿命评估

目的 以微波功率放大组件为研究对象,开展加速贮存试验退化数据的处理、建模、分析,给出组件的贮存期评估值和激活能等贮存特征参数。方法 在已完成微波功率放大组件加速贮存试验的基础上,借鉴已有的数据建模及处理方法,开展加速贮存数据处理及寿命评估,应用多种退化轨迹拟合寻优、基于性能退化模型参数折算建模、多种寿命分布建模及拟合优度检验等技术,对贮存数据进行分析处理。结果 给出了微波功率放大组件退化轨迹模型、寿命分布模型、加速因子、激活能等贮存特征参数和可靠寿命评估值。结论 描述的加速贮存试验数据处理方法,适应性好,具有较高的优良性,可为类似具有退化数据的电子设备提供借鉴。     

RESPONSE OF GREEN‐AMPT MEIN‐LARSEN SIMULATED RUNOFF VOLUMES TO TEMPORALLY AGGREGATED PRECIPITATION1

ABSTRACT: Data collection frequency in automated systems is user determined and can range from seconds to hours or days. Currently, there is no standard or recommended frequency interval for collecting precipitation data from automated systems for input to event‐based models such as Green‐Ampt Mein‐Larsen (GAML). Data from 47 storm events at seven locations were used to simulate the response of GAML excess rainfall to temporally aggregated precipitation data. No difference in model efficiency was recognized when comparing one‐minute interval data (R²= 1.00) to five‐minute data (R²= 1.00). Very little model efficiency was lost at a 10‐minute (R²= 0.96) interval. After 10‐minutes, decline in efficiency became more rapid with R²= 0.16 at one hour. The combined effect of time interval with respect to drainage area, hydraulic conductivity, maximum 30‐minute intensity, and total precipitation also revealed similar results.     

A data-oriented strategy to support water resource managers and researchers

Given the wide diversity of data services provided to national water management agencies, the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) in collaboration with the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) developed the approach described in the report, Implementing the GEOSS Water Strategy—From Observations to Decisions to develop more coherent and equitable data services for water management through the use of Earth observations. Among other water resource issues, it recognized the need to enhance data-enriched water management services to support decision making related to drought monitoring, flood warning, tracking and improving sustainable development and monitoring and ameliorating the impacts of climate change. Needs associated with the Strategy's four themes: improved data acquisition for essential water variables, research and product development, interoperability and coordination, and capacity development and decision support, are reviewed. Responses to the recommendations have been undertaken by GEO, led by its Global Water Sustainability (GEOGloWS) initiative which includes NASA contributions, CEOS, and the Global Terrestrial Network for Hydrology (GTN-H). Progress on the themes is reviewed and benefits of these developments for international and US water management are identified. The commentary concludes with a summary of what has been achieved, what remains to be done, and the priority focus areas for implementation in the final year of the Strategy.     

Improving multi-site benefit functions via Bayesian model averaging: A new approach to benefit transfer

A benefit function transfer obtains estimates of willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the evaluation of a given policy at a site by combining existing information from different study sites. This has the advantage that more efficient estimates are obtained, but it relies on the assumption that the heterogeneity between sites is appropriately captured in the benefit transfer model. A more expensive alternative to estimate WTP is to analyze only data from the policy site in question while ignoring information from other sites. We make use of the fact that these two choices can be viewed as a model selection problem and extend the set of models to allow for the hypothesis that the benefit function is only applicable to a subset of sites. We show how Bayesian model averaging (BMA) techniques can be used to optimally combine information from all models.The Bayesian algorithm searches for the set of sites that can form the basis for estimating a benefit function and reveals whether such information can be transferred to new sites for which only a small data set is available. We illustrate the method with a sample of 42 forests from U.K. and Ireland. We find that BMA benefit function transfer produces reliable estimates and can increase about 8 times the information content of a small sample when the forest is ‘poolable’.