输水水质保障下南四湖流域产业结构优化调整研究

通过对南四湖流域产业结构现状、水污染现状以及两者动态演化趋势的解析,结合对流域经济与环保政策导向的梳理,综合权衡三次产业发展对流域经济支撑度、水污染影响潜在威胁与现实效应,汇总形成了南四湖流域三次产业结构优化调整分析矩阵。在此基础上,探讨了不同产业结构优化调整的方案模式,提出南四湖流域三次产业中不同行业的结构优化方案。     

输水水质保障约束下的南四湖流域产业生态化发展研究

在生态文明建设理念的指导下,从南四湖流域的自身特点与现状出发,在总结和借鉴国内外产业生态发展主要经验的基础上,结合南四湖流域自身特点,从管理机制、财政政策、价格税收、技术创新、投资取向、政绩考核等多角度出发,构建了南四湖流域的产业生态政策体系,并从实施目标责任考核、建立流域产业布局规划的协调制度、完善产业结构调整优化的法律法规制度、增强生态产业的科技创新能力、建立流域的政府信息共享与公开机制、建立健全流域水环境执法机构六个方面提出了相应的生态保障措施。     

Effect of Flow Depth and Velocity on Nitrate Loss Rates in Natural Channels1

Carleton, James N. and Yusuf M. Mohamoud, 2012. Effect of Flow Depth and Velocity on Nitrate Loss Rates in Natural Channels. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐12. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12007 Abstract: Loss rates of nitrate from streams and rivers are governed by movement of the ion from water column to anoxic bed sediments. Quantitative representations of nitrate in streams and rivers have often treated such losses as governed by first‐order mechanisms that are invariant with respect to potential modulating factors other than temperature. Results of studies in recent years, however, suggest that rates of water column‐sediment mass transfer are influenced by stream geometry and associated hydraulics. We develop expressions for the instream nitrate loss rate coefficient, k, as a function of water velocity and depth, using hydraulic geometry to empirically relate velocity to depth for two cases: (1) variability in mean conditions among reaches; and (2) temporal variability in conditions at a single reach, under changing flow. The result is expressions for k as functions of water column depth. Measured stream k values reported in the literature are shown to be well represented by expressions developed for the first case, and the potential for application to probabilistic analysis is briefly examined. We explore the latter case using the Hydrologic Simulation Program – FORTRAN (HSPF) model, modified to incorporate the dependence of k on instantaneous stream depth. In example simulations of two nitrate‐exporting watersheds, the incorporation of depth‐dependence of k produces improvement in the model’s ability to match observed stream nitrate concentrations.     

A System Dynamics Model for Conjunctive Management of Water Resources in the Snake River Basin

The Pacific Northwest is expected to witness changes in temperature and precipitation due to climate change. In this study, we enhance the Snake River Planning Model (SRPM) by modeling the feedback loop between incidental recharge and surface water supply resulting from surface water and groundwater extraction for irrigation and provide a case study involving climate change impacts and management scenarios. The new System Dynamics‐Snake River Planning Model (SD‐SRPM) is calibrated to flow at Box Canyon Springs located along a major outlet of the East Snake Plain Aquifer. A calibration of the model to flow at Box Canyon Springs, based on historic diversions (1950‐1995) resulted in an r² value of 0.74 and a validation (1996‐2005) r² value of 0.60. After adding irrigation entities to the model an r² value of 0.91, 0.88, and 0.87 were maintained for modeled vs. observed (1991‐2005) end‐of‐month reservoir content in Jackson Lake, Palisades, and American Falls, the three largest irrigation reservoirs in the system. The scenarios that compared the impacts of climate change were based on ensemble mean precipitation change scenarios and estimated changes to crop evapotranspiration (ET). Increased ET, despite increased precipitation, generally increased surface water shortages and discharge of springs. This study highlights the need to develop and implement models that integrate the human‐natural system to understand the impacts of climate change.     

长江汉口边滩防洪及环境综合治理的研究

武汉市国管院批准的防洪重点城市，长江武汉河段是重点治理河段之一。该河段河道演变复杂，洲滩冲淤，是影响主流，航道变迁及汛期泄洪。左岸汉口边滩上密集的房屋，杂乱无序，成为行洪障碍及污染污染源，破坏环境及景观。市政府决定实施防洪及环境综合治理，该工程属省，部级重大科研项目。从定，动床河工模型试验及环境保护进行分析研究。定床试验，研究工程实施后，本河段的水位，流速，流态及天兴洲左右汊分流比的变化；动床试验，研究在不同典型水文年条件下的河势，河道冲淤变化及疏浚区的回淤回，为治理方案的优化比选及工程决策提供科学依据。这是长江干流滨江城市河道整治的先声，是城市规划建设中环境保护工程实施的首例，意义非常和重大。     

关于长江流域生态环境系统演变与调控研究的思考

长江流域丰富的资源、发达的经济、独特的自然特征、复杂的人地关系和严重的生态环境态势 ,决定了开展长江流域生态环境系统演变与优化调控研究 ,在国际流域科学研究和我国可持续发展研究中的重要意义。本研究的关键科学问题是 :流域生态环境系统的演化过程与退化机理及其主要驱动力 ;山—河—湖—海互动规律及其耦合关系 ;流域各子系统间的物理通量 (水、沙等 )和化学通量 (碳、氮等 )的传输和循环机理 ;流域资源和环境的承载力及流域生态安全的调控和管理等。主要研究内容包括 :流域生态环境系统演化规律及动力学 ,流域山—河—湖—海的互动规律及耦合机理 ,流域物化通量的传输过程与循环机制 ,重大生态环境问题的成因与退化生态环境的修复途径 ,流域生态环境系统的结构、功能的区划与制图 ,保障流域生态环境系统安全的优化调控与管理等。用地球系统科学的思想为指导 ,从流域整体演化角度着手 ,广泛收集各种资料 ,采取最先进的技术方法 ,强调点、线、面调查结合 ,定性与定量分析结合 ,自然演化系统与社会行为系统的结合等 ,是本项研究的主要技术途径     

小流域地段景观生态设计研究——以大别山巴河上游地段为例

在实地调查研究的基础上，分析了巴河上游流域地段的景观结构功能与演替及流域治理存在的问题，切中流域生态环境变化的要害——水土流失问题。在区内景观带自然分异的基础上，进行了流域景观生态设计。     

长江流域经济一体化下的中游地区产业发展研究

由于市场经济尚不完善，行政条块分割，地区产业缺乏一体化的统筹考虑等原因，我国地区产业同构现象严重，地区之间缺乏有效的产业关联与协作，区域整体效益差。随着我国市场经济体制的逐步完善，地区间的行政壁垒逐步拆除，区域经济势必在市场作用下走向一体化，产业发展也将趋于地区特色化，区域间的产业联系也日益密切，先前地区割据局面将逐步打破。从这个观点出发，以长江流域经济的逐步一体化为前提，在分析中游地区产业成长环境和比较优势的基础上，探讨了中游地区在长江产业带中的产业地位和分工；比较研究了资源导向型，出口导向型，中心城市带动型，智力发展型的不同发展战略在中游地区实施的可行性，提出中游地区应充分利用我国中西部市场逐渐开拓，沿海地区产业升级过程中大量的初中级制造加工业向内地转移的机遇以及沿江航运及水资源优势，发展成为区内进口替代－－面向区外市场的农业和制造业的半成品和最终产品的加工基地。     

陆相沉积盆地二氧化碳地质储存评价技术探讨

二氧化碳的地质储存是减少二氧化碳向大气环境排放、控制全球气候变暖的重要措施。本文针对陆相沉积盆地的CO2地质储存的储层特征、储存机理、水岩作用、安全性、适宜性、场地勘察、监测技术和经济效益等方面的研究内容与评价技术进行了探讨,以为我国未来利用二氧化碳地质储存技术减少二氧化碳排放提供技术支撑。